Farmscaping

Amaranth - Amaranthaceae Juss.

Insectaries
Insectaries
Cover Crops
Cover Crops
Meadows
Meadows
Hedgerow
Hedgerows

Produce

  1. Beet - Beta vulgaris L.
  2. Spinach - Spinacia oleracea L.

Pests

  1. Wireworm - Melanotus Eschscholtz, 1829 spp. / Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 spp. [Coleoptera: Elateridae]
  2. Asiatic garden beetle - Maladera castanea (Arrow, 1913) [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
  3. Beet leafminer - Pegomya betae (Curtis, 1847) [Diptera: Anthomyiidae]
  4. Harlequin bug - Murgantia histrionica (Hahn, 1834) [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae]
  5. Saltmarsh caterpillar - Estigmene acrea (Drury, 1773) [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]
  6. Hawaiian beet webworm - Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775) [Lepidoptera: Crambidae]
  7. Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm - Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  8. True armyworm - Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  9. Variegated cutworm - Peridroma saucia (Hübner, [1808]) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  10. Beet armyworm - Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  11. Grey garden slug - Deroceras reticulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774) [Gastropoda: Agriolimacidae]

Predators

  1. Insectivorous birds predate Wireworm grubs
  2. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Wireworm grubs
  3. Entomopathogenic fungi, e.g. Metarhizium Sorokïn, 1879 spp. [Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae], infect Wireworm grubs
  4. Entomopathogenic nematodes [Nematoda] infect Asiatic garden beetle grubs
  5. Biosteres anthomyiae (Ashmead, 1889) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet leafminer maggots
  6. Biosteres spinaciae (Thomson, 1895) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet leafminer maggots
  7. Opius fulvicollis Thomson, 1895 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet leafminer maggots
  8. Opius middlekauffi Fischer, 1964 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet leafminer maggots
  9. Opius nitidulator (Nees, 1834) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet leafminer maggots
  10. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Beet leafminer eggs and maggots
  11. Ooencyrtus johnsoni (Howard, 1898) [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] parasitize Harlequin bug eggs
  12. Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Harlequin bug eggs
  13. Trissolcus murgantiae Ashmead, 1893 [Hymenoptera: Scelionidae] parasitize Harlequin bug eggs
  14. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  15. Braconid wasps, Eupelmid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Pteromalid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Eupelmidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar eggs or caterpillars
  16. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  17. Soft-winged flower beetles [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  18. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  19. Entomopathogenic viruses infect Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  20. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Hawaiian beet webworm caterpillars
  21. Apanteles Förster, 1862 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Hawaiian beet webworm caterpillars
  22. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Hawaiian beet webworm caterpillars
  23. Venturia infesta Cresson, 1874 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Hawaiian beet webworm caterpillars
  24. Archytas marmoratus Townsend, 1915 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  25. Eucelatoria armigera Coquillett, 1889 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  26. Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  27. Cotesia Cameron, 1891 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  28. Microplitis croceipes (Cresson, 1872) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  29. Campoletis Förster, 1869 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  30. Telenomus Haliday, 1833 spp. [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  31. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  32. Collops Erichson, 1840 spp. [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  33. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  34. Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  35. Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  36. Insectivorous birds predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  37. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  38. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  39. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  40. Apanteles elegans (Curtis, 1829) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  41. Chelonus Panzer, 1806 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  42. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  43. Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  44. Copidosoma bakeri (Howard, 1898) [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  45. Euplectrus platyhypenae Howard, 1885 [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  46. Hyposoter Förster, 1869 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  47. Ophion flavidus Brulle, 1846 [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  48. Pseudamblyteles koebelei (Swezey, 1909) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  49. Pterocormus Förster, 1850 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  50. Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm eggs
  51. Podisus maculiventris (Say, 1832) [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] predate Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  52. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  53. Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, and bacteria infect Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  54. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  55. Bethylid wasps, Braconid wasps, Eulophid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Platygastrid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae, Platygastridae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize True armyworm eggs, caterpillars, and pupae
  56. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  57. Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] infect True armyworm caterpillars
  58. Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  59. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
  60. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
  61. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  62. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  63. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  64. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  65. Western yellowjacket - Vespula pensylvanica Saussure, 1857 [Hymenoptera: Vespidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  66. Wolf spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  67. Insectivorous birds predate True armyworm caterpillars and adults
  68. Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses infect True armyworm caterpillars
  69. Lespesia archippivora (Riley, 1871) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Beet armyworm caterpillars
  70. Chelonus insularis (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet armyworm caterpillars
  71. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet armyworm caterpillars
  72. Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, 1923 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet armyworm caterpillars
  73. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Beet armyworm eggs and caterpillars
  74. Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Beet armyworm eggs and caterpillars
  75. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Beet armyworm eggs and caterpillars
  76. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Beet armyworm eggs and caterpillars
  77. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect infect Beet armyworm caterpillars
  78. Entomopathogenic fungi, e.g. Beauveria Vuill. (1912), Nomuraea Maublanc, 1903, and Entomophthorales] Beet armyworm infect caterpillars
  79. Nuclear polyhedrosis virus infects Beet armyworm caterpillars
  80. Tetanocera elata (Fabricius, 1781) [Diptera: Sciomyzidae] parasitize Grey garden slug adults
  81. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Grey garden slug adults
  82. Fireflies [Coleoptera: Lampyridae] predate Grey garden slug adults
  83. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate Grey garden slug adults
  84. Centipedes [Chilopoda] predate Grey garden slug adults
  85. Harvestmen [Arachnidia: Opiliones] predate Grey garden slug adults
  86. Vertebrate amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals predate Grey garden slug adults
  87. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider, 1859) [Nematoda] infect Grey garden slug adults

Practices

  1. Wooded edges with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Ground beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  2. Windbreaks near crop fields shelter Lacewings, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  3. Hedgerows of native plants with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  4. Field borders of native wildflowers protected from disturbances conserve Parasitic flies, Assassin bugs, Damsel bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  5. Grasslands, meadows, and pastures near crop fields support Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  6. Sources of alternate foods when prey is limited sustain Parasitoid wasps, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Spiders
  7. Perennial plantings of native flowering plants that continually bloom in succession throughout each growing-season feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, and Predatory wasps
  8. Perennial and annual insectaries of flowering plants from the aster, buckwheat, carrot, mint, legume, milkweed, moschatel, rose, and willow families feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Assassin bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Predatory wasps
  9. Perennial and annual insectaries of plants with extra-floral nectaries feed Parasitoid wasps and Parasitic flies
  10. Rock piles, stone walls, brush piles, dead wood, and snags shelter Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  11. Living groundcovers, bark mulches, or leaf litters shelter Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
  12. Beetle banks shelter Big-eyed bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  13. Cover crops sustain Assassin bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Spiders
  14. Diverse crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Rove beetles, Insectivorous vertebrates, and Entomopathogens
  15. No-till crop fields support Damsel bugs, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
  16. Organic fertilized crop fields conserve Ground beetles, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
  17. Pesticide-free crop fields conserve beneficial organisms

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