Farmscaping

Amaryllis - Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil.

Insectaries

Cover Crops

Meadows

Hedgerows

Produce

1. Leek - Allium ampeloprasum L.
2. Onion - Allium cepa L.
3. Garlic - Allium sativum L.

Pests

1. Wireworm - Melanotus Eschscholtz 1829 spp. / Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 spp. [Coleoptera: Elateridae]
2. Onion maggot - Delia antiqua (Meigen, 1826) [Diptera: Anthomyiidae]
3. Tarnished plant bug - Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) [Hemiptera: Miridae]
4. Saltmarsh caterpillar - Estigmene acrea (Drury, 1773) [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]
5. True armyworm - Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
6. Western flower thrips - Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895 [Thysanoptera: Thripidae]
7. Onion thrips - Thrips tabaci Lindeman, 1889 [Thysanoptera: Thripidae]
8. Grey garden slug - Deroceras reticulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774) [Gastropoda: Agriolimacidae]

Predators

1. Insectivorous birds predate Wireworm grubs
2. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Wireworm grubs
3. Entomopathogenic fungi, e.g. Metarhizium Sorokïn, 1879 spp. [Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae], infect Wireworm grubs
4. Braconid wasps [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Onion maggot maggots
5. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate Onion maggot maggots
6. Insectivorous birds predate Onion maggot adults
7. Entomopathogenic nematodes [Nematoda] infect Onion maggot maggots
8. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Onion maggot maggots
9. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
10. Leiophron Nees, 1819 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
11. Peristenus Förster, 1862 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
12. Anaphes iole Girault, 1911 [Hymenoptera: Mymaridae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug eggs
13. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug adults
14. Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
15. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
16. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
17. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
18. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
19. Ambush bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
20. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
21. Wolf spiders, Lynx spiders, Jumping spiders, and Crab spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
22. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (1912) [Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae] infects Tarnished plant bug adults
23. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
24. Braconid wasps, Eupelmid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Pteromalid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Eupelmidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar eggs or caterpillars
25. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
26. Soft-winged flower beetles [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
27. Assassin bugs predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
28. Entomopathogenic viruses infect Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
29. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
30. Bethylid wasps, Braconid wasps, Eulophid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Platygastrid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae, Platygastridae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize True armyworm eggs, caterpillars, and pupae
31. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
32. Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] infect True armyworm caterpillars
33. Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
34. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
35. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
36. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
37. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
38. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
39. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
40. Western yellowjacket - Vespula pensylvanica Saussure, 1857 [Hymenoptera: Vespidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
41. Wolf spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
42. Insectivorous birds predate True armyworm caterpillars and adults
43. Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses infect True armyworm caterpillars
44. Eulophid wasps, Fairyflies, Ichneumon wasps, Platygastrid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Western flower thrip nymphs
45. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Western flower thrip nymphs and adults
46. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate Western flower thrip nymphs and adults
47. Predatory mites [Arachnidia: Acari: Phytoseiidae] predate Western flower thrip eggs and nymphs
48. Entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda], and fungi infect Western flower thrip nymphs
49. Eulophid wasps [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae] parasitize Onion thrips nymphs and adults
50. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Onion thrips nymphs and adults
51. Flower flies [Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae] predate Onion thrips nymphs and adults
52. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Onion thrips nymphs and adults
53. Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Onion thrips nymphs and adults
54. Mesostigs [Arachnidia: Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae] predate Onion thrips nymphs and adults
55. Spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae] predate Onion thrips nymphs and adults
56. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Onion thrips nymphs and adults
57. Tetanocera elata (Fabricius, 1781) [Diptera: Sciomyzidae] parasitize Grey garden slug adults
58. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Grey garden slug adults
59. Fireflies [Coleoptera: Lampyridae] predate Grey garden slug adults
60. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate Grey garden slug adults
61. Centipedes [Chilopoda] predate Grey garden slug adults
62. Harvestmen [Arachnidia: Opiliones] predate Grey garden slug adults
63. Insectivorous vertebrate amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals predate Grey garden slug adults
64. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider, 1859) [Nematoda] infect Grey garden slug adults

Practices

1. Wooded edges with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Ground beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
2. Windbreaks near crop fields shelter Lacewings, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
3. Hedgerows of native plants with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
4. Field borders of native wildflowers protected from disturbances conserve Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Damsel bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
5. Grasslands, meadows, and pastures near crop fields support Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
6. Sources of alternate foods when prey is limited sustain Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Spiders, and Predatory mites
7. Perennial plantings of native flowering plants that continually bloom in succession throughout each growing-season feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, Flower flies, and Predatory wasps
8. Perennial and annual insectaries of flowering plants from the aster, buckwheat, carrot, mint, legume, milkweed, moschatel, rose, and willow families feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Flower flies, and Predatory wasps
9. Perennial and annual insectaries of plants with extra-floral nectaries feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, and Flower flies
10. Rock piles, stone walls, brush piles, dead wood, and snags shelter Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Insectivorous vertebrates
11. Living groundcovers, bark mulches, or leaf litters shelter Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
12. Beetle banks shelter Big-eyed bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
13. Cover crops sustain Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Spiders, and Predatory mites
14. Diverse crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Rove beetles, Insectivorous vertebrates, and Entomopathogens
15. No-till crop fields support Damsel bugs, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Rove beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
16. Organic fertilized crop fields conserve Ground beetles, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
17. Pesticide-free crop fields conserve beneficial organisms

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