Farmscaping

Aster - Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl

Insectaries
Insectaries
Cover Crops
Cover Crops
Meadows
Meadows
Hedgerow
Hedgerows

Produce

  1. Lettuce - Lactuca sativa L.
  2. Sunflower - Helianthus annuus L.

Pests

  1. Oriental beetle - Exomala orientalis Waterhouse, 1875 [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
  2. Aster leafhopper - Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Forbes 1885) [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
  3. Tarnished plant bug - Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) [Hemiptera: Miridae]
  4. Saltmarsh caterpillar - Estigmene acrea (Drury, 1773) [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]
  5. Black cutworm - Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  6. Soybean looper - Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, 1858) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  7. Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm - Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  8. True armyworm - Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  9. Variegated cutworm - Peridroma saucia (Hübner, [1808]) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  10. Grey garden slug - Deroceras reticulatum (O. F. Müller, 1774) [Gastropoda: Agriolimacidae]

Predators

  1. Megaspilid wasps, Pteromalid wasps, Scoliid wasps, and Tiphiid wasps [Hymenoptera: Megaspilidae, Pteromalidae, Scoliidae, Tiphiidae] parasitize Oriental beetle grubs
  2. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Oriental beetle grubs
  3. Insectivorous vertebrates predate Oriental beetle grubs and pupae
  4. Entomopathogenic nematodes - Steinernema scarabaei n. sp. [Nematoda] infect Oriental beetle grubs
  5. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Oriental beetle grubs
  6. Wolf spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae] predate Aster leafhopper nymphs and adults
  7. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Aster leafhopper nymphs and adults
  8. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  9. Leiophron Nees, 1819 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  10. Peristenus Förster, 1862 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  11. Anaphes iole Girault, 1911 [Hymenoptera: Mymaridae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug eggs
  12. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug adults
  13. Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  14. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  15. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  16. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  17. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  18. Ambush bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  19. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  20. Wolf spiders, Lynx spiders, Jumping spiders, and Crab spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  21. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (1912) [Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae] infects Tarnished plant bug adults
  22. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  23. Braconid wasps, Eupelmid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Pteromalid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Eupelmidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar eggs or caterpillars
  24. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  25. Soft-winged flower beetles [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  26. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  27. Entomopathogenic viruses infect Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
  28. Archytas Fabricius, 1805 spp. [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  29. Carcelia formosa (Aldrich and Webber, 1924) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  30. Chaetogaedia monticola (Bigot, 1887) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  31. Eucelatoria armigera (Coquillett, 1889) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  32. Exorista eudryae (Townsend, 1892) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  33. Chetogena Rondani, 1856 sp. [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  34. Gonia longipulvilli Tothill, 1924 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  35. Lespesia archippivora (Riley, 1871) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  36. Linnaemya comta Fallén, 1810 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  37. Madremyia saundersii (Williston, 1889) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  38. Tachinomyia panaetius (Walker, 1849) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  39. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet armyworm caterpillars
  40. Microplitis feltiae Muesebeck, 1922 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  41. Microplitis kewleyi Muesebeck, 1922 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  42. Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, 1923 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  43. Meteorus leviventris (Wesmael, 1835) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  44. Campoletis argentifrons (Cresson, 1864) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  45. Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead, 1890) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  46. Hyposoter annulipes (Cresson, 1864) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  47. Ophion flavidus Brullé, 1846 [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
  48. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Black cutworm caterpillars
  49. Hexamermis arvalis Poinar & Gyrisco [Nematoda: Mermithidae] infect Black cutworm caterpillars
  50. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Black cutworm caterpillars
  51. Granulosis virus infects Black cutworm caterpillars
  52. Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Soybean looper eggs
  53. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Soybean looper caterpillars
  54. Entomopathogenic viruses infect Soybean looper caterpillars
  55. Archytas marmoratus Townsend, 1915 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  56. Eucelatoria armigera Coquillett, 1889 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  57. Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  58. Cotesia Cameron, 1891 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  59. Microplitis croceipes (Cresson, 1872) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  60. Campoletis Förster, 1869 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  61. Telenomus Haliday, 1833 spp. [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  62. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  63. Collops Erichson, 1840 spp. [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  64. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  65. Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  66. Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  67. Insectivorous birds predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  68. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  69. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  70. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  71. Apanteles elegans (Curtis, 1829) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  72. Chelonus Panzer, 1806 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  73. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  74. Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  75. Copidosoma bakeri (Howard, 1898) [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  76. Euplectrus platyhypenae Howard, 1885 [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  77. Hyposoter Förster, 1869 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  78. Ophion flavidus Brulle, 1846 [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  79. Pseudamblyteles koebelei (Swezey, 1909) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  80. Pterocormus Förster, 1850 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  81. Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm eggs
  82. Podisus maculiventris (Say, 1832) [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] predate Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  83. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  84. Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, and bacteria infect Variegated cutworm caterpillars
  85. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  86. Bethylid wasps, Braconid wasps, Eulophid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Platygastrid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae, Platygastridae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize True armyworm eggs, caterpillars, and pupae
  87. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  88. Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] infect True armyworm caterpillars
  89. Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  90. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
  91. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
  92. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  93. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  94. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  95. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  96. Western yellowjacket - Vespula pensylvanica Saussure, 1857 [Hymenoptera: Vespidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  97. Wolf spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  98. Insectivorous birds predate True armyworm caterpillars and adults
  99. Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses infect True armyworm caterpillars
  100. Tetanocera elata (Fabricius, 1781) [Diptera: Sciomyzidae] parasitize Grey garden slug adults
  101. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Grey garden slug adults
  102. Fireflies [Coleoptera: Lampyridae] predate Grey garden slug adults
  103. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate Grey garden slug adults
  104. Centipedes [Chilopoda] predate Grey garden slug adults
  105. Harvestmen [Arachnidia: Opiliones] predate Grey garden slug adults
  106. Vertebrate amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals predate Grey garden slug adults
  107. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider, 1859) [Nematoda] infect Grey garden slug adults

Practices

  1. Wooded edges with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Ground beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  2. Windbreaks near crop fields shelter Lacewings, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  3. Hedgerows of native plants with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  4. Field borders of native wildflowers protected from disturbances conserve Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Damsel bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  5. Grasslands, meadows, and pastures near crop fields support Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  6. Sources of alternate foods when prey is limited sustain Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Spiders
  7. Perennial plantings of native flowering plants that continually bloom in succession throughout each growing-season feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, and Predatory wasps
  8. Perennial and annual insectaries of flowering plants from the aster, buckwheat, carrot, mint, legume, milkweed, moschatel, rose, and willow families feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Predatory wasps
  9. Perennial and annual insectaries of plants with extra-floral nectaries feed Parasitoid wasps and Parasitic flies
  10. Rock piles, stone walls, brush piles, dead wood, and snags shelter Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  11. Living groundcovers, bark mulches, or leaf litters shelter Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
  12. Beetle banks shelter Big-eyed bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  13. Cover crops sustain Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Spiders
  14. Diverse crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Rove beetles, Insectivorous vertebrates, and Entomopathogens
  15. No-till crop fields support Damsel bugs, Ground beetles, Fireflies, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
  16. Organic fertilized crop fields conserve Ground beetles, Centipedes, and Entomopathogens
  17. Pesticide-free crop fields conserve beneficial organisms

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