Farmscaping

Morning glory - Convolvulaceae Juss.

Insectaries
Insectaries
Cover Crops
Cover Crops
Meadows
Meadows
Hedgerow
Hedgerows

Produce

Sweet potato - Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Pests

  1. Wireworm - Melanotus Eschscholtz 1829 spp. / Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 spp. [Coleoptera: Elateridae]
  2. Potato aphid - Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas, 1878 [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
  3. Tarnished plant bug - Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) [Hemiptera: Miridae]
  4. Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm - Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
  5. True armyworm - Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]

Predators

  1. Insectivorous birds predate Wireworm grubs
  2. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Wireworm grubs
  3. Entomopathogenic fungi, e.g. Metarhizium Sorokïn, 1879 spp. [Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae], infect Wireworm grubs
  4. Aphelinid wasps and Braconid wasps [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Braconidae] parasitize Potato aphid nymphs
  5. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Potato aphid nymphs and adults
  6. Flower flies [Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae] predate Potato aphid nymphs and adults
  7. Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Potato aphid nymphs and adults
  8. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  9. Leiophron Nees, 1819 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  10. Peristenus Förster, 1862 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  11. Anaphes iole Girault, 1911 [Hymenoptera: Mymaridae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug eggs
  12. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug adults
  13. Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  14. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  15. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  16. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  17. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  18. Ambush bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  19. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
  20. Wolf spiders, Lynx spiders, Jumping spiders, and Crab spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
  21. Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (1912) [Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae] infects Tarnished plant bug adults
  22. Archytas marmoratus Townsend, 1915 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  23. Eucelatoria armigera Coquillett, 1889 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  24. Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  25. Cotesia Cameron, 1891 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  26. Microplitis croceipes (Cresson, 1872) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  27. Campoletis Förster, 1869 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  28. Telenomus Haliday, 1833 spp. [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  29. Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  30. Collops Erichson, 1840 spp. [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  31. Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  32. Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
  33. Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
  34. Insectivorous birds predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  35. Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  36. Entomopathogenic fungi infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
  37. Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  38. Bethylid wasps, Braconid wasps, Eulophid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Platygastrid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae, Platygastridae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize True armyworm eggs, caterpillars, and pupae
  39. Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  40. Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] infect True armyworm caterpillars
  41. Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
  42. Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
  43. Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
  44. Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  45. Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  46. Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  47. Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  48. Western yellowjacket - Vespula pensylvanica Saussure, 1857 [Hymenoptera: Vespidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  49. Wolf spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
  50. Insectivorous birds predate True armyworm caterpillars and adults
  51. Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses infect True armyworm caterpillars

Practices

  1. Wooded edges with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Ground beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  2. Windbreaks near crop fields shelter Lacewings, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  3. Hedgerows of native plants with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  4. Field borders of native wildflowers protected from disturbances conserve Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Damsel bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  5. Grasslands, meadows, and pastures near crop fields support Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  6. Sources of alternate foods when prey is limited sustain Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Spiders
  7. Perennial plantings of native flowering plants that continually bloom in succession throughout each growing-season feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, Flower flies, and Predatory wasps
  8. Perennial and annual insectaries of flowering plants from the aster, buckwheat, carrot, mint, legume, milkweed, moschatel, rose, and willow families feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Flower flies, and Predatory wasps
  9. Perennial and annual insectaries of plants with extra-floral nectaries feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, and Flower flies
  10. Rock piles, stone walls, brush piles, dead wood, and snags shelter Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  11. Living groundcovers, bark mulches, or leaf litters shelter Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Entomopathogens
  12. Beetle banks shelter Big-eyed bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
  13. Cover crops sustain Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, and Spiders
  14. Diverse crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Rove beetles, Insectivorous vertebrates, and Entomopathogens
  15. No-till crop fields support Damsel bugs, Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Entomopathogens
  16. Organic fertilized crop fields conserve Ground beetles and Entomopathogens
  17. Pesticide-free crop fields conserve beneficial organisms

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