Host Plants for Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States

Jarrod Fowler (2020)

Field Thistle

Swamp Sunflower

Frost Aster

Golden Ragwort

Introduction

Roughly 25% of the ~770 species of bees native to the Eastern United States are pollen specialists (Fowler 2016a, 2016b, Fowler & Droege 2020)*. This website provides local sources of host plants or pollenizers for pollen specialist bees of the Eastern United States: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia**. Consult the table below for beneficial insect garden or pollinator habitat enhancement plant selections. Verify and avoid state introduced-invasive-noxious and threatened-endangered plant listings before selecting species for gardens. Match host plant durations, habits, and habitats with site-specific conditions. Follow source links to observe and obtain regionally-grown seeds or transplants from local native plant nurseries.
*For more information, visit: Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States.
**This website is incomplete. Regional availability remains mutable. Species and sources are neither exhaustive nor necessarily endorsed. Pollenizers from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina remain to be sourced: Grindelia Willd. (Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae), Balduina Nutt. (Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae), Opuntia Mill. (Cactaceae: Opuntioideae: Opuntieae), Parnassia glauca Raf. (Celastraceae: Parnassioideae), Amorpha L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Amorpheae), Dalea L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Amorpheae), Calamintha Mill. (Lamiaceae: Nepetoideae: Mentheae), Callirhoe Nutt. (Malvaceae: Malvoideae: Malveae), Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae: Passifloroideae: Passifloreae), Polygonella Michx. (Polygonaceae: Polygonoideae: Polygoneae), Sideroxylon L. (Sapotaceae: Sapotoideae: Sideroxyleae)... Find local native plant nurseries at PlantNative.

Tables

Table 1. Pollenizer families (n = 26), genera (n = 81), and species (n = 239) with taxonomic authorities, common names, durations (Annual = 9, Biennial = 6, Perennial = 224), habits (Forb = 184, Shrub = 51, Tree = 4), habitats (OBLigate wetland = 23, FACultative Wetland = 54, FACultative = 57, FACultative Upland = 88, obligate UPLand = 17), and links to sources (N = 57; n = 2,029) of seeds (S = 268) or transplants (T = 1,761) during 2018. Dead links are inevitable.

Family: Subfamily: Tribe Genus species Authority Common name Duration Habit Habitat Source

Apiaceae: Apioideae: Selineae Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald Meadow zizia Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch Golden zizia Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Aquifoliaceae Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray Inkberry Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ilex montana Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray Mountain holly Perennial Shrub FACU S, S

Ilex mucronata (L.) Powell, Savolainen & Andrews Catberry Perennial Shrub OBL S, S, T, T

Ilex opaca Aiton American holly Perennial Tree FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray Common winterberry Perennial Shrub FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Baccharis halimifolia L. Eastern baccharis Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. White doll's daisy Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Elliott Maryland goldenaster Perennial Forb UPL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees Parasol whitetop Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's plantain Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L. Nesom White wood aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. Bigleaf aster Perennial Forb UPL S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eurybia spectabilis (Aiton) G.L. Nesom Eastern showy aster Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton Slender goldentop Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Flat-top goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene Flaxleaf whitetop aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene Whorled wood aster Perennial Forb FACU T

Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small Stiff goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Pityopsis falcata (Pursh) Nutt. Sickleleaf silkgrass Perennial Forb UPL T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Toothed whitetop aster Perennial Forb FACU T

Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Narrowleaf whitetop aster Perennial Forb FACU T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Solidago altissima L. Tall goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T

Solidago arguta Aiton Atlantic goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Solidago bicolor L. White goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago caesia L. Wreath goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T

Solidago flexicaulis L. Zigzag goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago gigantea Aiton Giant goldenrod Perennial Forb FACW S

Solidago juncea Aiton Early goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago nemoralis Aiton Gray goldenrod Perennial Forb UPL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago odora Aiton Anisescented goldenrod Perennial Forb UPL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago patula Muhl. ex Willd. Roundleaf goldenrod Perennial Forb OBL S, S

Solidago puberula Nutt. Downy goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T

Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkleleaf goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago sempervirens L. Seaside goldenrod Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago squarrosa Nutt. Stout goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Solidago stricta Aiton Wand goldenrod Perennial Forb OBL S, T

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog goldenrod Perennial Forb OBL S, T, T

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Elmleaf goldenrod Perennial Forb FACW S, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom Common blue wood aster Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom Rice button aster Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom White heath aster Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Smooth blue aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom White panicle aster Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Calico aster Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom New England aster Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom New York aster Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom Aromatic aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum patens (Aiton) G.L. Nesom Late purple aster Perennial Forb FAC S, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom Hairy white oldfield aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L. Nesom Crokedstem aster Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T

Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Purplestem aster Perennial Forb OBL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum racemosum (Elliott) G.L. Nesom Smooth white oldfield aster Perennial Forb FACW T

Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) G.L. Nesom Wavyleaf aster Perennial Forb FAC T

Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom White arrowleaf aster Perennial Forb FAC S

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton Bearded beggartick Biennial Forb FACW S

Bidens cernua L. Nodding beggartick Annual Forb OBL S, T

Bidens frondosa L. Devil's beggartick Annual Forb FACW S

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet Largeflower tickseed Perennial Forb FACU S, T

Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lanceleaf tickseed Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall tickseed Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Coreopsis verticillata L. Whorled tickseed Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners False boneset Perennial Forb FACU S, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssopleaf thoroughwort Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Common boneset Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eupatorium rotundifolium L. Roundleaf thoroughwort Perennial Forb UPL T, T

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. White snakeroot Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Upland boneset Perennial Forb FACU T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Eutrochium dubium (Willd. ex Poir.) E.E. Lamont Coastal plain joe pye weed Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. Lamont Trumpetweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E. Lamont Spotted joe pye weed Perennial Forb OBL S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E.E. Lamont Sweetscented joe pye weed Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Liatris aspera Michx. Tall blazing star Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T

Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Prairie blazing star Perennial Forb FAC S, T, T, T

Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. Devil's bite Perennial Forb UPL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. Dense blazing star Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. Scaly blazing star Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Helenieae Helenium autumnale L. Common sneezeweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helenium flexuosum Raf. Purplehead sneezeweed Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Chrysogonum virginianum L. Green and gold Perennial Forb FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale purple coneflower Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eastern purple coneflower Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Helianthus angustifolius L. Swamp sunflower Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helianthus decapetalus L. Thinleaf sunflower Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helianthus divaricatus L. Woodland sunflower Perennial Forb UPL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helianthus giganteus L. Giant sunflower Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T

Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Maximilian sunflower Perennial Forb UPL S, S, T, T

Helianthus mollis Lam. Ashy sunflower Perennial Forb FACU T

Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. Fewleaf sunflower Perennial Forb FACU T

Helianthus strumosus L. Paleleaf woodland sunflower Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem artichoke Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Smooth oxeye Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Parthenium integrifolium L. Wild quinine Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. Upright prairie coneflower Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, T

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart Pinnate prairie coneflower Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Rudbeckia fulgida L. Orange coneflower Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rudbeckia hirta L. Blackeyed Susan Annual Forb FACU S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rudbeckia laciniata L. Cutleaf coneflower Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh Sweet coneflower Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T

Rudbeckia triloba L. Browneyed Susan Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T,

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Silphium laciniatum L. Compassplant Perennial Forb FACW S, S

Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup plant Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie rosinweed Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled rosinweed Perennial Forb FACW S, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney Wingstem Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T

Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walter Yellow crownbeard Perennial Forb FACU T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Senecioneae Packera anonyma (Alph. Wood) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve Small's ragwort Perennial Forb UPL T

Packera aurea (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Golden ragwort Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Weber & Á. Löve Roundleaf ragwort Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T

Packera paupercula (Michx.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Balsam groundsel Perennial Forb FAC T

Asteraceae: Carduoideae: Cynareae Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field thistle Biennial Forb UPL S, T

Cirsium pumilum Spreng. Pasture thistle Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae Hieracium gronovii L. Queendevil Perennial Forb UPL T

Hieracium kalmii L. Kalm's hawkweed Perennial Forb FACU S

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae Krigia biflora (Walter) S.F. Blake Twoflower dwarfdandelion Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Vernonieae Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Prairie ironweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T

Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. Giant ironweed Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Vernonia glauca (L.) Willd. Broadleaf ironweed Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T

Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. New York ironweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Brassicaceae: Arabideae Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poor. Smooth rockcress Biennial Forb FACU T

Arabis lyrata L. Lyrate rockcress Biennial Forb FACU T

Brassicaceae: Cardamineae Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. Cutleaf toothwort Perennial Forb FACU T

Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood Crinkleroot Perennial Forb FACU T

Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell bellflower Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T

Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American bellflower Annual Forb FAC S, T

Cornaceae: Cornoideae Cornus (Swida) alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf dogwood Perennial Shrub FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Cornus (Swida) amomum Mill. Silky dogwood Perennial Shrub FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Cornus (Swida) racemosa Lam. Gray dogwood Perennial Shrub FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Cornus (Swida) rugosa Lam Roundleaf dogwood Perennial Shrub FACU T

Cornus (Swida) sericea L. Redosier dogwood Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Arbutoideae Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick Perennial Shrub UPL T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus Perennial Shrub FAC T

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep laurel Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T

Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain laurel Perennial Shrub FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Rhodoreae Rhododendron arborescens (Pursh.) Torr. Smooth azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron atlanticum (Ashe) Rehder Dwarf azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. Flame azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. Rhodora Perennial Shrub FACW T, T

Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd Bog Labrador tea Perennial Shrub OBL T, T

Rhododendron maximum L. Great laurel Perennial Shrub FAC S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners Pink azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais Early azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T

Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Swamp azalea Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Andromedeae Andromeda polifolia L. Bog rosemary Perennial Shrub OBL T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Leatherleaf Perennial Shrub OBL T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae Eubotrys racemosus (L.) Nutt. Swamp doghobble Perennial Shrub FACW T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae Gaultheria procumbens L. Eastern teaberry Perennial Shrub FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Lyonieae Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. Maleberry Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch Black huckleberry Perennial Shrub FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton Lowbush blueberry Perennial Shrub FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush blueberry Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Vaccinium fuscatum Aiton Black highbush blueberry Perennial Shrub FACW S

Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton Cranberry Perennial Shrub OBL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Vaccinium pallidum Aiton Blue Ridge blueberry Perennial Shrub FACU T

Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry Perennial Shrub FACU T

Fabaceae: Cercidoideae: Cercideae Cercis canadensis L. Eastern redbud Perennial Tree FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Fabaceae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott Amberique-bean Annual Forb FAC T

Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton Pink fuzzybean Perennial Forb FACU T

Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum L. Spotted geranium Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae Hydrophyllum canadense L. Bluntleaf waterleaf Perennial Forb FAC T

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Eastern waterleaf Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. Lacy phacelia Annual Forb FACU S, S, S

Lamiaceae: Nepetoideae: Mentheae Monarda bradburiana Beck Eastern beebalm Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Monarda clinopodia L. White bergamot Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Monarda didyma L. Scarlet beebalm Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamot Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Monarda media Willd. Purple bergamot Perennial Forb FAC T

Monarda punctata L. Spotted beebalm Annual Forb UPL S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Liliaceae: Liliodeae: Tulipeae Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. Troutlily Perennial Forb FACW T, T, T, T

Liliaceae: Uvularioideae: Uvularieae Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Largeflower bellwort Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate bellwort Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate bellwort Perennial Forb FACU T

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessileleaf bellwort Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Malvaceae: Malvoideae: Hibisceae Hibiscus laevis All. Halberdleaf rosemallow Perennial Forb OBL S, T, T, T, T, T

Hibiscus moscheutos L. Crimsoneyed rosemallow Perennial Forb OBL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Montiaceae Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Carolina springbeauty Perennial Forb FACU T

Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae Oenothera biennis L. Common evening primrose Biennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Oenothera fruticosa L. Narrowleaf evening primrose Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Oenothera perennis L. Little evening primrose Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Oenothera speciosa Nutt. Pinkladies Perennial Forb FACU S

Polemoniaceae: Polemonioideae: Polemonieae Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Pontederiaceae: Pontederieae Pontederia cordata L. Pickerelweed Perennial Forb OBL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Primulaceae: Lysimachioideae Lysimachia ciliata L. Fringed loosestrife Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Lysimachia hybrida Michx. Lowland yellow loosestrife Perennial Forb OBL T

Lysimachia lanceolata Walter Lanceleaf loosestrife Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Earth loosestrife Perennial Forb OBL T, T, T

Rhamnaceae Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey tea Perennial Shrub FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Colurieae Geum aleppicum Jacq. Yellow avens Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Geum canadense Jacq. White avens Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Colurieae Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Appalachian barren strawberry Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Shrubby cinquefoil Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Fragaria vesca L. Woodland strawberry Perennial Forb UPL T, T

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia strawberry Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Potentilla simplex Michx. Common cinquefoil Perennial Forb FACU T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Aiton.) Rydb. Shrubby fivefingers Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T

Rubiaceae: Rubioideae: Hedyotideae Houstonia caerulea L. Azure bluet Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Salicaceae: Saliceae Salix amygdaloides Andersson Peachleaf willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T

Salix candida Flueggé ex Willd. Sageleaf willow Perennial Shrub OBL T

Salix caroliniana Michx. Coastal plain willow Perennial Tree OBL T, T

Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Salix eriocephala Michx. Missouri River willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T

Salix humilis Marshall Prairie willow Perennial Shrub FACU T

Salix interior Rowlee Sandbar willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T

Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T

Salix myricoides Muhl. Bayberry willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix nigra Marshall Black willow Perennial Tree OBL T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Salix pellita Andersson Satiny willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix petiolaris Sm. Meadow willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix pyrifolia Andersson Balsam willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix sericea Marshall Silky willow Perennial Shrub OBL T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Salix serissima (L.H. Bailey) Fernald Autumn willow Perennial Shrub OBL T

Saxifragaceae Heuchera americana L. American alumroot Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Heuchera villosa Michx. Hairy alumroot Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Saxifragaceae Tiarella cordifolia L. Heartleaf foamflower Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Scrophulariaceae: Cheloneae Penstemon calycosus Small Longsepal beardtongue Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Foxglove beardtongue Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy beardtongue Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Penstemon laevigatus Aiton Eastern smooth beardtongue Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T

Penstemon pallidus Small Pale beardtongue Perennial Forb UPL S

Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. White wand beardtongue Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Verbenaceae: Verbeneae Verbena hastata L. Swamp verbena Biennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary verbena Annual Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T

Verbena urticifolia L. White vervain Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T

Violaceae: Violoideae: Violeae Viola blanda Willd. Sweet white violet Perennial Forb FACW T

Viola canadensis L. Canadian white violet Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Viola cucullata Aiton Marsh blue violet Perennial Forb OBL T, T

Viola labradorica Schrank Alpine violet Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Viola lanceolata L. Big white violet Perennial Forb OBL T, T

Viola pedata L. Birdfoot violet Perennial Forb UPL T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Viola pubescens Aiton Downy yellow violet Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T

Viola rotundifolia Michx. Roundleaf yellow violet Perennial Forb FAC T

Viola sagittata Aiton Arrowleaf violet Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T

Viola sororia Willd. Common blue violet Annual Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Viola striata Aiton Striped cream violet Perennial Forb FACW T, T

Recommendations

Horticulturists should prioritize propagation of ecoregional host plants for pollen specialist bees. Approximately half of the listed plant species were widely available, but annuals and biennials, plus obligate wetland and upland species were underrepresented. Many underrepresented or unlisted native genera or species should be propagated in the region. Here are nearly 60 species of pollenizers that remain unpropagated in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast (Underlined = Prioritized):

Aquifoliaceae - Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray - Smooth winterberry - Perennial - Shrub - OBL

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. - Eastern daisy fleabane - Annual - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Erigeron philadelphicus L. - Philadelphia fleabane - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. - Prairie fleabane - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby - Camphorweed - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC. - Carolina desert-chicory - Annual - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) G.L. Nesom - Willowleaf aster - Perennial - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Symphyotrichum shortii (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom - Short's aster - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae - Bidens connata - Muhl. ex Willd. - Purplestem beggartick - Annual - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae - Bidens coronata - (L.) Britton - Crowned beggartick - Annual - Forb - OBL

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Helianthus grosseserratus M. Martens - Sawtooth sunflower - Perennial - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Helianthus hirsutus Raf. - Hairy sunflower - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. - Prairie sunflower - Annual - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray - Golden crownbeard -Perennial - Forb - FAC

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Verbesina virginica L. - White crownbeard - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Senecioneae - Packera plattensis - (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve - Prairie groundsel - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Carduoideae: Cynareae - Cirsium altissimum (L.) - Tall thistle - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Carduoideae: Cynareae - Cirsium muticum Michx. - Swamp thistle - Biennial - Forb - OBL

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae - Krigia virginica - (L.) Willd. - Virginia dwarfdandelion Annual - Forb - UPL

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae - Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fernald - Tall blue lettuce - Annual - Forb - FAC

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae - Lactuca canadensis L. - Canada lettuce - Annual - Forb - FACU

Brassicaceae: Arabideae - Arabis canadensis L. - Sicklepod - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Brassicaceae: Arabideae - Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. - Tower rockcress - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Brassicaceae: Cardamineae - Cardamine douglassii Britton - Limestone bittercress - Perennial - Forb - FACW

Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae - Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. - Clasping Venus' looking-glass - Annual - Forb - FACU

Convolvulaceae: Ipomoeeae - Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey. - Man of the earth - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Convolvulaceae: Convolvuleae - Calystegia catesbeiana Pursh - Catesby's false bindweed - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Convolvulaceae: Convolvuleae - Calystegia macounii (Greene) Brummitt - Macoun's false bindweed - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Convolvulaceae: Convolvuleae - Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh - Low false bindweed - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae - Kalmia polifolia Wagenh. - Bog laurel - Perennial - Shrub - OBL

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Lyonieae - Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don - Piedmont staggerbush - Perennial - Shrub - FAC

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae - Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr. - Blue huckleberry - Perennial - Shrub - FAC

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae - Vaccinium oxycoccos L. - Small cranberry - Perennial - Shrub - OBL

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Diocleae - Galactia regularis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. - Eastern milkpea - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Diocleae - Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton - Downy milkpea - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Fabaceae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae - Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & A. Gray) Piper - Slickseed fuzzybean - Annual - Forb - FAC

Geraniaceae - Geranium carolinianum L. - Carolina geranium - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Geraniaceae - Geranium robertianum L. - Robert geranium - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. - Great waterleaf - Biennial - Forb - FAC

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Nemophila aphylla (L.) Brummitt - Smallflower baby blue eyes - Annual - Forb - FACW

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. - Fernleaf phacelia - Biennial - Forb - FAC

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Phacelia purshii Buckley - Miami mist - Annual - Forb - FAC

Liliaceae: Liliodeae: Tulipeae - Erythronium albidum Nutt. - White fawnlily - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae - Oenothera gaura W.L. Wagner & Hoch - Biennial beeblossom - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae - Oenothera laciniata Hill - Cutleaf evening primrose - Annual - Forb - FACU

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae - Oenothera pilosella Raf. - Meadow evening primrose - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Primulaceae: Lysimachioideae - Lysimachia quadriflora L. - Fourflower yellow loosestrife - Perennial - Forb - OBL

Primulaceae: Lysimachioideae - Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. - Tufted loosestrife - Perennial - Forb - OBL

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae - Potentilla arguta Pursh - Tall cinquefoil - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae - Potentilla canadensis L. - Dwarf cinquefoil - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae - Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. - Paradox cinquefoil - Annual - Forb - FACW

Rubiaceae: Rubioideae: Hedyotideae - Houstonia pusilla Schoepf - Tiny bluet - Annual - Forb - FACU

Scrophulariaceae: Gerardieae - Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton) - Smallflower false foxglove - Annual - Forb - OBL

Scrophulariaceae: Gerardieae - Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell p - Purple false foxglove - Annual - Forb - FACW

Scrophulariaceae: Gerardieae - Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. - Slenderleaf false foxglove - Annual - Forb - FACW

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis grisea (Waterf.) M. Martinez - Strawberry-tomato - Annual - Forb - FAC

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis heterophylla Nees - Clammy groundcherry - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis longifolia Nutt. - Longleaf groundcherry - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis pubescens L. - Husk tomato - Annual - Forb - UPL

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis virginiana Mill. - Virginia groundcherry - Annual - Forb - FAC

Violaceae: Violoideae: Violeae - Viola macloskeyi Lloyd - Small white violet - Perennial - Forb - OBL

Horticulturists: Balance and diversify the availability of native pollen specialist bee host plant seeds or transplants. Specialize regional native plant nurseries by offering unique selections of local ecotypes. Network pollenizer gardens across communities for range-wide habitat conservation. Grow pesticide free pollenizers for pollen specialists.
Agriculturists: Conserve pollen specialist bees of sunflower, ground cherry, cucurbit, or blueberry. Protect squash bees [Peponapis (Peponapis) pruinosa (Say, 1837) and Xenoglossa (Exoxenoglossa) strenua (Cresson, 1878)] by no-till planting species of adventive or native gourds, pumpkins, and squash [Cucurbita L.], including:

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth - Missouri gourd - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita maxima Duchesne - Winter squash - Annual - Forb - FAC

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita moschata Duchesne - Crookneck squash - Annual - Forb - FAC

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita pepo L. - Field pumpkin - Annual - Forb - FAC

Biodynamic or organic gourd, pumpkin, and squash seeds or transplants are commonly available from regional sources.

Sources

...

Adkin's Arboretum - Ridgely, MD 21660 - adkinsarboretum.org

Amanda's Garden - Dansville, NY 14437 - amandasnativeplants.com

American Meadows - Shelburne, VT 05482 - americanmeadows.com

American Native Plants - Middle River, MD 21220 - americannativeplants.com

Aster Trek - Arkham, MA 01970 - astarisee.xyz

Blackledge River Nursery - Marlborough, CT 06447 - richsnarski.com/Nursery
Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve - New Hope, PA 18938 - bhwp.org

Burnt Meadow Nursery - Brownfield, ME 04010 - burntmeadow.com

Chesapeake Natives - Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 - chesapeakenatives.org

Clemenson Farms Native Nursery - Estell Manor, NJ 08319 - clemensonfarmsnativenursery.com

Earth First Native Plant Nursery - Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234 - earthfirstnatives.com

Earth Sangha - Springfield, VA 22150 - earthsangha.org

Earth Tones Native Plants - Woodbury, CT 06798 - earthtonesnatives.com

Edge of the Woods Nursery - Orefield, PA 18069 - edgeofthewoodsnursery.com

Environmental Concern - St. Michaels, MD 21663 - wetland.org

~~Ernst Conservation Seeds - Meadville, PA 16335 - ernstseed.com~~

Fort Pond Native Plants - Montauk, NY 11954 - nativeplants.net

Found Well Farm - Pembroke, NH 03275 - foundwellfarm.com

F.W. Schumacher Company - Sandwich, MA 02563 - treeshrubseeds.com

Go Native Tree Farm - Lancaster, PA 17603 - gonativetrees

Good Host Plants - Philadelphia, PA 19040 - goodhostplants.com

High Mowing Seed Company - Wolcott, VT 05680 - highmowingseeds.com

Herring Run Nursery - Baltimore, MD 21211 - bluewaterbaltimore.org

Hummingbird Hill Native Plant Nursery - Crozet, VA 22932 - hummingbirdhillnatives.com

Hungry Hook Farm - Bainbridge, PA 17502 - hungryhookfarm.com

Long Island Native Plant Initiative - Hampton Bays, NY 11946 - linpi.org

Long Island Natives - Eastport, NY 11941 - longislandnatives.com

Mandala Farm - Staten Island, NY 10314 - mandala.farm

Mid-Atlantic Native Plant Farm - Cobbs Creek, VA 23035 - midatlanticnatives.com

Native Plant Trust - Whately, MA 01373 - https://www.nativeplanttrust.org

Native Haunts - Alfred, ME 04002 - nativehaunts.com

Nature By Design - Alexandria, VA 22301 - nature-by-design.com

New England Wetland Plants - Amherst, MA 01002 - newp.com

New Hampshire State Forest Nursery - Boscawen, NH 03303 - nhnursery.com
New Moon Nursery - Bridgeton, NJ 08302 - newmoonnursery.com

North Creek Nurseries - Oxford, PA 19363 - northcreeknurseries.com

Northeast Native Perennials - Quakerstown, PA 18951 - nenativesandperennials.com

Northeast Pollinator Plants - Fairfax, VT 05454 - northeastpollinator.com

Octoraro Native Plant Nursery - Kirkwood, PA 17536 - octoraro.com

Piedmont Nursery - Markham, VA 22643 - piedmontnursery.com

Pierson Nurseries - Dayton, ME 04005 - piersonnurseries.com

Pinelands Nursery & Supply - Columbus, NJ 08022 - pinelandsnursery.com

Pisaura Nursery - Dunwich, MA 01331 - zizia.xyz

Plantsmen Nursery - Groton, NY 13073 - plantsmen.com

The Pollen Nation - Bridgeton NJ 08302 - thepollennation.com

Redbud Native Plant Nursery - Media, PA 19063 - redbudnativeplantnursery.com

Sheffield's Seed Company - Locke, NY 13092 - sheffields.com

Stadler Native Plants - Frederick, MD 21703 - stadlergardencenters.com

Sudbury Nurseries West - Gill, MA 01354 - sudburynurserieswest.com

Sunshine Farm and Gardens - WV 24966, USA - sunfarm.com

Toadshade Wildflower Farm - Frenchtown, NJ 08825 - toadshade.com

Turtle Tree Biodynamic Seed Initiative - Copake, NY 12516 - turtletreeseed.org

Vermont Wildflower Farm - Hinesburg, VT, 05461 - vermontwildflowerfarm.com

Vermont Willow Nursery - Fairfield, VT 05455 - willowsvermont.com

White Oak Nursery - Geneva, NY 14456 whiteoaknursery.biz

Wild Ridge Plants - Pohatcong, NJ 08804 - wildridgeplants.com

Wild Seed Project - Portland, ME 04101 - shop.wildseedproject.net

Wood Thrush Natives - Floyd, VA 24091 - woodthrushnatives.com

...

Acknowledgements

Thanks to PlantNative for directories. Thanks to USDA-NRCS Plants Database for profiles. Thanks to Sam Droege (USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab) for comments.

References

Fowler, J. (2016a). Specialist bees of the Mid-Atlantic: Host plants and habitat conservation. The Maryland Entomologist, 6(4):2-40.

Fowler, J. (2016b). Specialist bees of the Northeast: Host plants and habitat conservation. Northeastern Naturalist, 23(2):305-320.

Fowler, J. & Droege, S. (2020). Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States [Website].

Comments or questions? Email: j@jarrodfowler.com

Photos from The USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab

Visit: Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States

X