Nightshade - Solanaceae Juss.
InsectariesCover CropsMeadowsHedgerowsProduce
- Bell pepper - Capsicum annuum L.
- Cayenne pepper - Capsicum annuum L.
- Jalapeño - Capsicum annuum L.
- Mirasol chili - Capsicum annuum L.
- Bonnet pepper - Capsicum chinense Jacq.
- Piri piri - Capsicum frutescens L.
- Tabasco pepper - Capsicum frutescens L.
- Manzano / Locoto / Rocoto - Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav
- Tobacco - Nicotiana tabacum L.
- Tomatillo - Physalis philadelphica Lam.
- Tomato - Solanum lycopersicum L.
- Eggplant - Solanum melongena L.
- Potato - Solanum tuberosum L.
Pests
- Striped cucumber beetle - Acalymma vittatum F. [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
- Eggplant flea beetle - Epitrix fuscula Crotch, 1873 [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
- Colorado potato beetle - Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824 [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
- Pepper weevil - Anthonomus eugenii Cano, 1894 [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]
- Wireworm - Melanotus Eschscholtz, 1829 spp. / Limonius Eschscholtz, 1829 spp. [Coleoptera: Elateridae]
- Asiatic garden beetle - Maladera castanea (Arrow, 1913) [Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae]
- Vegetable leafminer - Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, 1938 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]
- Spotted winged Drosophila - Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) [Diptera: Drosophilidae]
- Dark-winged fungus gnat - Bradysia spp. Winnertz, 1867 [Diptera: Sciaridae]
- Potato aphid - Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas, 1878 [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
- Green peach aphid - Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
- Potato leafhopper - Empoasca fabae (Harris, 1841) [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
- Tarnished plant bug - Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) [Hemiptera: Miridae]
- Green stink bug - Chinavia hilaris Say, 1832 [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae]
- Brown marmorated stink bug - Halyomorpha halys Stål, 1855 [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae]
- Harlequin bug - Murgantia histrionica (Hahn, 1834) [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae]
- Saltmarsh caterpillar - Estigmene acrea (Drury, 1773) [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]
- Tomato pinworm - Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham, 1897) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]
- Black cutworm - Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel, 1766) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
- Soybean looper - Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, 1858) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
- Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm - Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
- True armyworm - Mythimna unipuncta (Haworth, 1809) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
- Variegated cutworm - Peridroma saucia (Hübner, [1808]) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
- Fall armyworm - Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]
- Tomato hornworm - Manduca quinquemaculatus (Haworth, 1803) [Lepidoptera: Sphingidae]
- Two-spotted spider mite - Tetranychus urticae C. L. Koch, 1836 [Arachnida: Tetranychidae]
Predators
- Celatoria setosa (Coquillett, 1895) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Striped cucumber beetle adults
- Centistes diabroticae (Gahan, 1922) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Striped cucumber beetle adults
- Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Striped cucumber beetle eggs, grubs, and adults
- Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate Striped cucumber beetle eggs and grubs
- Predatory mites [Arachnidia: Acari: Phytoseiidae] predate Striped cucumber beetle eggs
- Orb weavers [Arachnidia: Araneae: Araneidae] predate Striped cucumber beetle adults
- Wolf spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae] deter and predate Striped cucumber beetle adults
- Harvestmen [Arachnidia: Opiliones] predate Striped cucumber beetle eggs and grubs
- Vesper bats [Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae] predate Striped cucumber beetle adults
- Entomopathogenic nematodes [Nematoda] infect Striped cucumber beetle grubs
- Entomopathogenic fungi, e.g. Isaria fumosorosea Wize (1904) [Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae], infect Striped cucumber beetle grubs
- Microctonus Wesmael, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Eggplant flea beetle adults
- Soft-winged flower beetles predate Eggplant flea beetle adults
- Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Eggplant flea beetle adults
- Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Eggplant flea beetle adults
- Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Eggplant flea beetle adults
- Entomopathogenic nematodes [Nematoda] infect Eggplant flea beetle grubs
- Entomopathogenic fungi infect Eggplant flea beetle grubs
- Myiopharus Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1889 sp. [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Colorado potato beetle grubs
- Edovum pittleri Grissell, 1981 [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae] parasitize Colorado potato beetle eggs
- Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Colorado potato beetle eggs and grubs
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Colorado potato beetle eggs and grubs
- Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Colorado potato beetle eggs and grubs
- Potter and Mason wasps, Paper wasps, Hornets and Yellowjackets [Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae, Polistinae, Vespinae] predate Colorado potato beetle grubs
- Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Colorado potato beetle eggs and grubs
- Crab spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Thomisidae] predate Colorado potato beetle grubs and adults
- Harvestmen [Arachnidia: Opiliones] predate Colorado potato beetle eggs and grubs
- Insectivorous birds predate Colorado potato beetle grubs and adults
- Entomopathogenic fungi infect Colorado potato beetle grubs
- Bracon mellitor Say, 1836 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Pepper weevil grubs
- Catolaccus hunteri Crawford, 1908 [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae] parasitize Pepper weevil grubs
- Insectivorous birds predate Wireworm grubs
- Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Wireworm grubs
- Entomopathogenic fungi, e.g. Metarhizium Sorokïn, 1879 spp. [Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae], infect Wireworm grubs
- Entomopathogenic nematodes [Nematoda] infect Asiatic garden beetle grubs
- Braconid wasps, Eulophid wasps, Eucoilid wasps, and Pteromalid wasps [Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Eulophidae, Figitidae, Pteromalidae] parasitize Vegetable leafminer maggots
- Entomopathogenic nematodes [Nematoda] infect Vegetable leafminer maggots
- Braconid wasps, Diapriid wasps, Figitid wasps, and Pteromalid wasps [Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Diapriidae, Figitidae, Pteromalidae] parasitize Spotted winged Drosophila maggots and pupae
- Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Spotted winged Drosophila eggs
- Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate Spotted winged Drosophila maggots
- Earwigs [Dermaptera] predate Spotted winged Drosophila maggots
- Entomopathogenic fungi infect Spotted winged Drosophila maggots
- Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate Dark-winged fungus gnat maggots
- Stratiolaelaps Berlese, 1916 spp. [Arachnidia: Acari: Mesostigmata] predate Dark-winged fungus gnat maggots and pupae
- Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Dark-winged fungus gnat maggots
- Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis infect Dark-winged fungus gnat maggots
- Aphelinid wasps and Braconid wasps [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Braconidae] parasitize Potato aphid and Green peach aphid nymphs
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Potato aphid and Green peach aphid nymphs and adults
- Flower flies [Diptera: Syrphidae: Syrphinae] predate Potato aphid and Green peach aphid nymphs and adults
- Green lacewings, Dustywings, Brown lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae] predate Potato aphid and Green peach aphid nymphs and adults
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults
- Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults
- Orius insidiosus (Say, 1832) [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Potato leafhopper eggs
- Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults
- Green lacewings and Brown lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae] predate Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults
- Entomopathogenic fungi infect Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults
- Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
- Leiophron Nees, 1819 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
- Peristenus Förster, 1862 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug nymphs
- Anaphes iole Girault, 1911 [Hymenoptera: Mymaridae] parasitize Tarnished plant bug eggs
- Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug adults
- Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
- Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
- Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
- Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
- Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
- Ambush bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Phymatinae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs
- Wolf spiders, Lynx spiders, Jumping spiders, and Crab spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae] predate Tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults
- Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (1912) [Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae] infects Tarnished plant bug adults
- Trichopoda pennipes (Fabricius, 1781) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Stink bug adults
- Gymnoclytia Brauer & Berganstamm, 1893 sp. [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Stink bug adults
- Gymnosoma Meigen, 1803 sp. [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Stink bug adults
- Anastatus mirabilis (Walsh and Riley, 1869) [Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae] parasitize Stink bug eggs
- Anastatus pearsalli Ashmead, 1898 [Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae] parasitize Stink bug eggs
- Anastatus reduvii (Howard, 1880) [Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae] parasitize Stink bug eggs
- Trissolcus edessae Fouts, 1920 [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Stink bug eggs
- Trissolcus euschisti Ashmead, 1893 [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Stink bug eggs
- Soldier beetles [Coleoptera: Cantharidae] predate Stink bug eggs
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Stink bug eggs
- Earwigs [Dermaptera] predate Stink bug adults
- Astata unicolor Say, 1824 [Hymenoptera: Crabronidae] predate Stink bug adults
- Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus (Say, 1824) [Hymenoptera: Crabronidae] predate Stink bug adults
- Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Stink bug eggs
- Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Stink bug eggs
- Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Stink bug adults and eggs
- Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Stink bug adults
- Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Stink bug eggs
- Crickets, e.g. Snowy tree cricket - Oecanthus fultoni Walker, 1962 [Orthoptera: Gryllidae], predate Stink bug eggs
- Katydids [Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae] predate Stink bug eggs
- Orb weavers [Arachnidia: Araneae: Araneidae] predate Stink bug adults
- Jumping spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Salticidae] predate Stink bug adults
- Crab spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Thomisidae] predate Stink bug nymphs and adults
- Insectivorous birds predate Stink bug adults
- Entomopathogenic fungi, e.g. Isaria Persoon in Roemer, 1794 sp., Metarhizium Sorokïn, 1879 sp., and Ophiocordyceps (Petch, 1931) spp., infect Stink bug adults
- Ooencyrtus johnsoni (Howard, 1898) [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] parasitize Harlequin bug eggs
- Telenomus podisi Ashmead, 1893 [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Harlequin bug eggs
- Trissolcus murgantiae Ashmead, 1893 [Hymenoptera: Scelionidae] parasitize Harlequin bug eggs
- Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
- Braconid wasps, Eupelmid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Pteromalid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Eupelmidae, Ichneumonidae, Pteromalidae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Saltmarsh caterpillar eggs or caterpillars
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
- Soft-winged flower beetles [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
- Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
- Entomopathogenic viruses infect Saltmarsh caterpillar caterpillars
- Apanteles Förster, 1862 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tomato pinworm caterpillars
- Parahormius pallidipes (Ashmead, 1893) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tomato pinworm caterpillars
- Pseudapanteles dignus (Muesebeck, 1938) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tomato pinworm caterpillars
- Sympiesis stigmatipennis Girault, 1917 [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae] parasitize Tomato pinworm caterpillars
- Archytas Fabricius, 1805 spp. [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Carcelia formosa (Aldrich and Webber, 1924) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Chaetogaedia monticola (Bigot, 1887) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Eucelatoria armigera (Coquillett, 1889) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Exorista eudryae (Townsend, 1892) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Chetogena Rondani, 1856 sp. [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Gonia longipulvilli Tothill, 1924 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Lespesia archippivora (Riley, 1871) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Linnaemya comta Fallén, 1810 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Madremyia saundersii (Williston, 1889) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Tachinomyia panaetius (Walker, 1849) [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Beet armyworm caterpillars
- Microplitis feltiae Muesebeck, 1922 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Microplitis kewleyi Muesebeck, 1922 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Meteorus autographae Muesebeck, 1923 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Meteorus leviventris (Wesmael, 1835) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Campoletis argentifrons (Cresson, 1864) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead, 1890) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Hyposoter annulipes (Cresson, 1864) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Ophion flavidus Brullé, 1846 [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Black cutworm caterpillars
- Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Black cutworm caterpillars
- Hexamermis arvalis Poinar & Gyrisco [Nematoda: Mermithidae] infect Black cutworm caterpillars
- Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Black cutworm caterpillars
- Granulosis virus infects Black cutworm caterpillars
- Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Soybean looper eggs
- Entomopathogenic fungi infect Soybean looper caterpillars
- Entomopathogenic viruses infect Soybean looper caterpillars
- Archytas marmoratus Townsend, 1915 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Eucelatoria armigera Coquillett, 1889 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
- Cotesia Cameron, 1891 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Microplitis croceipes (Cresson, 1872) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Campoletis Förster, 1869 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Telenomus Haliday, 1833 spp. [Hymenoptera: Platygastridae] parasitize Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
- Collops Erichson, 1840 spp. [Coleoptera: Melyridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
- Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
- Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs and caterpillars
- Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm eggs
- Insectivorous birds predate Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 spp. [Nematoda] and Steinernema Travassos, 1927 spp. [Nematoda] infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Entomopathogenic fungi infect Corn earworm / Tomato fruitworm caterpillars
- Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Apanteles elegans (Curtis, 1829) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Chelonus Panzer, 1806 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Copidosoma bakeri (Howard, 1898) [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Euplectrus platyhypenae Howard, 1885 [Hymenoptera: Eulophidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Hyposoter Förster, 1869 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Ophion flavidus Brulle, 1846 [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Pseudamblyteles koebelei (Swezey, 1909) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Pterocormus Förster, 1850 spp. [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Variegated cutworm eggs
- Podisus maculiventris (Say, 1832) [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae] predate Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, and bacteria infect Variegated cutworm caterpillars
- Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
- Bethylid wasps, Braconid wasps, Eulophid wasps, Ichneumon wasps, Platygastrid wasps, and Trichogramma wasps [Hymenoptera: Bethylidae, Braconidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae, Platygastridae, Trichogrammatidae] parasitize True armyworm eggs, caterpillars, and pupae
- Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
- Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh, 1861) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] infect True armyworm caterpillars
- Meteorus Haliday, 1835 spp. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize True armyworm caterpillars
- Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
- Rove beetles [Coleoptera: Staphylinidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars and pupae
- Predatory plant bugs [Hemiptera: Miridae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
- Damsel bugs [Hemiptera: Nabidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
- Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
- Assassin bugs [Hemiptera: Reduviidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
- Western yellowjacket - Vespula pensylvanica Saussure, 1857 [Hymenoptera: Vespidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
- Wolf spiders [Arachnidia: Araneae: Lycosidae] predate True armyworm caterpillars
- Insectivorous birds predate True armyworm caterpillars and adults
- Entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses infect True armyworm caterpillars
- Archytas marmoratus Townsend, 1915 [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Chelonus insularis Cresson, 1865 [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson, 1865) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Ground beetles [Coleoptera: Carabidae] predate Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Earwigs [Dermaptera] predate Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Orius insidiosus (Say, 1832) [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Predatory stink bugs [Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae] predate Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Insectivorous vertebrates predate Fall armyworm caterpillars and pupae
- Entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, and viruses infect Fall armyworm caterpillars
- Parasitic flies [Diptera: Tachinidae] parasitize Tomato hornworm caterpillars
- Cotesia congregata (Say, 1836) [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasitize Tomato hornworm caterpillars
- Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck, 1912) [Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae] parasitize Tomato hornworm caterpillars
- Trichogramma Riley, 1871 spp. [Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] parasitize Tomato hornworm eggs
- Lady beetles [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Tomato hornworm eggs
- Predatory stilt bugs [Hemiptera: Berytidae] predate Tomato hornworm eggs and caterpillars
- Big-eyed bugs [Hemiptera: Geocoridae] predate Tomato hornworm eggs and caterpillars
- Paper wasps - Polistes Linnaeus, 1767 spp. [Hymenoptera: Vespidae] predate Tomato hornworm caterpillars
- Green lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae] predate Tomato hornworm eggs
- Insectivorous skunks and moles pretate Tomato hornworm pupae
- Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria infect Tomato hornworm caterpillars
- Spider mite destroyer - Stethorus punctum LeConte, 1852 [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] predate Two-spotted spider mite nymphs and adults
- Minute pirate bugs [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae] predate Two-spotted spider mite adults
- Green lacewings, Dustywings, Brown lacewings [Neuroptera: Chrysopidae, Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae] predate Two-spotted spider mite nymphs and adults
- Predatory mites [Aracnhidia: Acari: Phytoseiidae] predate Two-spotted spider mite nymphs and adults
- Entomopathogenic fungi infect nymphs and Two-spotted spider mite adults
Practices
- Wooded edges with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Ground beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
- Windbreaks near crop fields shelter Lacewings, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
- Hedgerows of native plants with nectar sources near crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Predatory crickets and katydids, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
- Field borders of native wildflowers protected from disturbances conserve Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Damsel bugs, Predatory plant bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
- Grasslands, meadows, and pastures near crop fields support Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory crickets and katydids, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
- Sources of alternate foods when prey is limited sustain Parasitoid wasps, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Big-eyed bugs, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Predatory stink bugs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Spiders, and Predatory mites
- Perennial plantings of native flowering plants that continually bloom in succession throughout each growing-season feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Minute pirate bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, Flower flies, and Predatory wasps
- Perennial and annual insectaries of flowering plants from the aster, buckwheat, carrot, mint, legume, milkweed, moschatel, rose, and willow families feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Soldier beetles, Flower flies, and Predatory wasps
- Perennial and annual insectaries of plants with extra-floral nectaries feed Parasitoid wasps, Parasitic flies, and Flower flies
- Rock piles, stone walls, brush piles, dead wood, and snags shelter Earwigs, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, and Insectivorous vertebrates
- Living groundcovers, bark mulches, or leaf litters shelter Earwigs, Ground beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, Harvestmen, and Entomopathogens
- Beetle banks shelter Big-eyed bugs, Lacewings, Ground beetles, Lady beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Rove beetles, Spiders, and Insectivorous vertebrates
- Sandy soils with sparse vegetation conserve Predatory crickets and katydids
- Cover crops sustain Ambush bugs, Assassin bugs, Ground beetles, Soft-winged flower beetles, Soldier beetles, Spiders, and Predatory mites
- Diverse crop fields conserve Parasitoid wasps, Damsel bugs, Minute pirate bugs, Rove beetles, Insectivorous vertebrates, and Entomopathogens
- No-till crop fields support Damsel bugs, Earwigs, Ground beetles, Soldier beetles, Rove beetles, Flower flies, Spiders, Harvestmen, and Entomopathogens
- Organic fertilized crop fields conserve Earwigs, Predatory crickets and katydids, Ground beetles, and Entomopathogens
- Pesticide-free crop fields conserve beneficial organisms