Host Plants for Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States

Jarrod Fowler (2020)

Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.

Field Thistle

Swamp Sunflower

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom

Frost Aster

Golden Ragwort

Introduction

Roughly 25% of the ~770 species of bees native to the Eastern United States are pollen specialists (Fowler 2016a, 2016b, Fowler & Droege 2020)*. This website provides local sources of host plants or pollenizers for pollen specialist bees of the Eastern United States: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia**. Consult the table below for beneficial insect garden or pollinator habitat enhancement plant selections. Verify and avoid state introduced-invasive-noxious and threatened-endangered plant listings before selecting species for gardens. Match host plant durations, habits, and habitats with site-specific conditions. Follow source links to observe and obtain regionally-grown seeds or transplants from local native plant nurseries.
*For more information, visit: Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States.
**This website is incomplete. Regional availability remains mutable. Species and sources are neither exhaustive nor necessarily endorsed. Pollenizers from Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina remain to be sourced: Grindelia Willd. (Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae), Balduina Nutt. (Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae), Opuntia Mill. (Cactaceae: Opuntioideae: Opuntieae), Parnassia glauca Raf. (Celastraceae: Parnassioideae), Amorpha L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Amorpheae), Dalea L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Amorpheae), Calamintha Mill. (Lamiaceae: Nepetoideae: Mentheae), Callirhoe Nutt. (Malvaceae: Malvoideae: Malveae), Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae: Passifloroideae: Passifloreae), Polygonella Michx. (Polygonaceae: Polygonoideae: Polygoneae), Sideroxylon L. (Sapotaceae: Sapotoideae: Sideroxyleae)... Find local native plant nurseries at PlantNative.

Tables

Table 1. Pollenizer families (n = 26), genera (n = 81), and species (n = 239) with taxonomic authorities, common names, durations (Annual = 9, Biennial = 6, Perennial = 224), habits (Forb = 184, Shrub = 51, Tree = 4), habitats (OBLigate wetland = 23, FACultative Wetland = 54, FACultative = 57, FACultative Upland = 88, obligate UPLand = 17), and links to sources (N = 57; n = 2,029) of seeds (S = 268) or transplants (T = 1,761) during 2018. Dead links are inevitable.

Family: Subfamily: Tribe Genus species Authority Common name Duration Habit Habitat Source

Apiaceae: Apioideae: Selineae Zizia aptera (A. Gray) Fernald Meadow zizia Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch Golden zizia Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Aquifoliaceae Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray Inkberry Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ilex montana Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray Mountain holly Perennial Shrub FACU S, S

Ilex mucronata (L.) Powell, Savolainen & Andrews Catberry Perennial Shrub OBL S, S, T, T

Ilex opaca Aiton American holly Perennial Tree FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray Common winterberry Perennial Shrub FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Baccharis halimifolia L. Eastern baccharis Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Boltonia asteroides (L.) L'Hér. White doll's daisy Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Elliott Maryland goldenaster Perennial Forb UPL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees Parasol whitetop Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Robin's plantain Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L. Nesom White wood aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. Bigleaf aster Perennial Forb UPL S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eurybia spectabilis (Aiton) G.L. Nesom Eastern showy aster Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton Slender goldentop Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Flat-top goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene Flaxleaf whitetop aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene Whorled wood aster Perennial Forb FACU T

Oligoneuron rigidum (L.) Small Stiff goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Pityopsis falcata (Pursh) Nutt. Sickleleaf silkgrass Perennial Forb UPL T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Toothed whitetop aster Perennial Forb FACU T

Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Narrowleaf whitetop aster Perennial Forb FACU T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Solidago altissima L. Tall goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T

Solidago arguta Aiton Atlantic goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Solidago bicolor L. White goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago caesia L. Wreath goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago canadensis L. Canada goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T

Solidago flexicaulis L. Zigzag goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago gigantea Aiton Giant goldenrod Perennial Forb FACW S

Solidago juncea Aiton Early goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago nemoralis Aiton Gray goldenrod Perennial Forb UPL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago odora Aiton Anisescented goldenrod Perennial Forb UPL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago patula Muhl. ex Willd. Roundleaf goldenrod Perennial Forb OBL S, S

Solidago puberula Nutt. Downy goldenrod Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T

Solidago rugosa Mill. Wrinkleleaf goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago sempervirens L. Seaside goldenrod Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Solidago squarrosa Nutt. Stout goldenrod Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Solidago stricta Aiton Wand goldenrod Perennial Forb OBL S, T

Solidago uliginosa Nutt. Bog goldenrod Perennial Forb OBL S, T, T

Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Elmleaf goldenrod Perennial Forb FACW S, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom Common blue wood aster Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom Rice button aster Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom White heath aster Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Smooth blue aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom White panicle aster Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Calico aster Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom New England aster Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom New York aster Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom Aromatic aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum patens (Aiton) G.L. Nesom Late purple aster Perennial Forb FAC S, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom Hairy white oldfield aster Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L. Nesom Crokedstem aster Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T

Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Purplestem aster Perennial Forb OBL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Symphyotrichum racemosum (Elliott) G.L. Nesom Smooth white oldfield aster Perennial Forb FACW T

Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) G.L. Nesom Wavyleaf aster Perennial Forb FAC T

Symphyotrichum urophyllum (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom White arrowleaf aster Perennial Forb FAC S

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britton Bearded beggartick Biennial Forb FACW S

Bidens cernua L. Nodding beggartick Annual Forb OBL S, T

Bidens frondosa L. Devil's beggartick Annual Forb FACW S

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet Largeflower tickseed Perennial Forb FACU S, T

Coreopsis lanceolata L. Lanceleaf tickseed Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Coreopsis tripteris L. Tall tickseed Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Coreopsis verticillata L. Whorled tickseed Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners False boneset Perennial Forb FACU S, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. Hyssopleaf thoroughwort Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Common boneset Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eupatorium rotundifolium L. Roundleaf thoroughwort Perennial Forb UPL T, T

Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. White snakeroot Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Eupatorium sessilifolium L. Upland boneset Perennial Forb FACU T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Eutrochium dubium (Willd. ex Poir.) E.E. Lamont Coastal plain joe pye weed Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eutrochium fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. Lamont Trumpetweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eutrochium maculatum (L.) E.E. Lamont Spotted joe pye weed Perennial Forb OBL S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Eutrochium purpureum (L.) E.E. Lamont Sweetscented joe pye weed Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae Liatris aspera Michx. Tall blazing star Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T

Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Prairie blazing star Perennial Forb FAC S, T, T, T

Liatris scariosa (L.) Willd. Devil's bite Perennial Forb UPL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. Dense blazing star Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Liatris squarrosa (L.) Michx. Scaly blazing star Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Helenieae Helenium autumnale L. Common sneezeweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helenium flexuosum Raf. Purplehead sneezeweed Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Chrysogonum virginianum L. Green and gold Perennial Forb FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale purple coneflower Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench Eastern purple coneflower Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Helianthus angustifolius L. Swamp sunflower Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helianthus decapetalus L. Thinleaf sunflower Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helianthus divaricatus L. Woodland sunflower Perennial Forb UPL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Helianthus giganteus L. Giant sunflower Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T

Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Maximilian sunflower Perennial Forb UPL S, S, T, T

Helianthus mollis Lam. Ashy sunflower Perennial Forb FACU T

Helianthus occidentalis Riddell. Fewleaf sunflower Perennial Forb FACU T

Helianthus strumosus L. Paleleaf woodland sunflower Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem artichoke Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet Smooth oxeye Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Parthenium integrifolium L. Wild quinine Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. Upright prairie coneflower Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, T

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart Pinnate prairie coneflower Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Rudbeckia fulgida L. Orange coneflower Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rudbeckia hirta L. Blackeyed Susan Annual Forb FACU S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rudbeckia laciniata L. Cutleaf coneflower Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rudbeckia subtomentosa Pursh Sweet coneflower Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T, T, T

Rudbeckia triloba L. Browneyed Susan Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T,

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Silphium laciniatum L. Compassplant Perennial Forb FACW S, S

Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup plant Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Silphium terebinthinaceum Jacq. Prairie rosinweed Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Silphium trifoliatum L. Whorled rosinweed Perennial Forb FACW S, T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney Wingstem Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T

Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walter Yellow crownbeard Perennial Forb FACU T

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Senecioneae Packera anonyma (Alph. Wood) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve Small's ragwort Perennial Forb UPL T

Packera aurea (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Golden ragwort Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Packera obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Weber & Á. Löve Roundleaf ragwort Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T

Packera paupercula (Michx.) Á. Löve & D. Löve Balsam groundsel Perennial Forb FAC T

Asteraceae: Carduoideae: Cynareae Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field thistle Biennial Forb UPL S, T

Cirsium pumilum Spreng. Pasture thistle Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae Hieracium gronovii L. Queendevil Perennial Forb UPL T

Hieracium kalmii L. Kalm's hawkweed Perennial Forb FACU S

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae Krigia biflora (Walter) S.F. Blake Twoflower dwarfdandelion Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Vernonieae Vernonia fasciculata Michx. Prairie ironweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, T, T

Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. Giant ironweed Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Vernonia glauca (L.) Willd. Broadleaf ironweed Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T

Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. New York ironweed Perennial Forb FACW S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Brassicaceae: Arabideae Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poor. Smooth rockcress Biennial Forb FACU T

Arabis lyrata L. Lyrate rockcress Biennial Forb FACU T

Brassicaceae: Cardamineae Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. Cutleaf toothwort Perennial Forb FACU T

Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph. Wood Crinkleroot Perennial Forb FACU T

Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell bellflower Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T

Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American bellflower Annual Forb FAC S, T

Cornaceae: Cornoideae Cornus (Swida) alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf dogwood Perennial Shrub FACU S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Cornus (Swida) amomum Mill. Silky dogwood Perennial Shrub FACW S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Cornus (Swida) racemosa Lam. Gray dogwood Perennial Shrub FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Cornus (Swida) rugosa Lam Roundleaf dogwood Perennial Shrub FACU T

Cornus (Swida) sericea L. Redosier dogwood Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Arbutoideae Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick Perennial Shrub UPL T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae Epigaea repens L. Trailing arbutus Perennial Shrub FAC T

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae Kalmia angustifolia L. Sheep laurel Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T

Kalmia latifolia L. Mountain laurel Perennial Shrub FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Rhodoreae Rhododendron arborescens (Pursh.) Torr. Smooth azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron atlanticum (Ashe) Rehder Dwarf azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr. Flame azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron canadense (L.) Torr. Rhodora Perennial Shrub FACW T, T

Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd Bog Labrador tea Perennial Shrub OBL T, T

Rhododendron maximum L. Great laurel Perennial Shrub FAC S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michx.) Shinners Pink azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rhododendron prinophyllum (Small) Millais Early azalea Perennial Shrub FAC T, T, T, T

Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Swamp azalea Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Andromedeae Andromeda polifolia L. Bog rosemary Perennial Shrub OBL T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench Leatherleaf Perennial Shrub OBL T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae Eubotrys racemosus (L.) Nutt. Swamp doghobble Perennial Shrub FACW T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae Gaultheria procumbens L. Eastern teaberry Perennial Shrub FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Lyonieae Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. Maleberry Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch Black huckleberry Perennial Shrub FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton Lowbush blueberry Perennial Shrub FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Vaccinium corymbosum L. Highbush blueberry Perennial Shrub FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Vaccinium fuscatum Aiton Black highbush blueberry Perennial Shrub FACW S

Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton Cranberry Perennial Shrub OBL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Vaccinium pallidum Aiton Blue Ridge blueberry Perennial Shrub FACU T

Vaccinium stamineum L. Deerberry Perennial Shrub FACU T

Fabaceae: Cercidoideae: Cercideae Cercis canadensis L. Eastern redbud Perennial Tree FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Fabaceae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae Strophostyles helvola (L.) Elliott Amberique-bean Annual Forb FAC T

Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton Pink fuzzybean Perennial Forb FACU T

Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum L. Spotted geranium Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae Hydrophyllum canadense L. Bluntleaf waterleaf Perennial Forb FAC T

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Eastern waterleaf Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth. Lacy phacelia Annual Forb FACU S, S, S

Lamiaceae: Nepetoideae: Mentheae Monarda bradburiana Beck Eastern beebalm Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Monarda clinopodia L. White bergamot Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Monarda didyma L. Scarlet beebalm Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Monarda fistulosa L. Wild bergamot Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Monarda media Willd. Purple bergamot Perennial Forb FAC T

Monarda punctata L. Spotted beebalm Annual Forb UPL S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Liliaceae: Liliodeae: Tulipeae Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. Troutlily Perennial Forb FACW T, T, T, T

Liliaceae: Uvularioideae: Uvularieae Uvularia grandiflora Sm. Largeflower bellwort Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate bellwort Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Uvularia perfoliata L. Perfoliate bellwort Perennial Forb FACU T

Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessileleaf bellwort Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Malvaceae: Malvoideae: Hibisceae Hibiscus laevis All. Halberdleaf rosemallow Perennial Forb OBL S, T, T, T, T, T

Hibiscus moscheutos L. Crimsoneyed rosemallow Perennial Forb OBL S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Montiaceae Claytonia caroliniana Michx. Carolina springbeauty Perennial Forb FACU T

Claytonia virginica L. Virginia springbeauty Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae Oenothera biennis L. Common evening primrose Biennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Oenothera fruticosa L. Narrowleaf evening primrose Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Oenothera perennis L. Little evening primrose Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Oenothera speciosa Nutt. Pinkladies Perennial Forb FACU S

Polemoniaceae: Polemonioideae: Polemonieae Polemonium reptans L. Greek valerian Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Pontederiaceae: Pontederieae Pontederia cordata L. Pickerelweed Perennial Forb OBL S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Primulaceae: Lysimachioideae Lysimachia ciliata L. Fringed loosestrife Perennial Forb FACW S, T, T, T, T, T, T

Lysimachia hybrida Michx. Lowland yellow loosestrife Perennial Forb OBL T

Lysimachia lanceolata Walter Lanceleaf loosestrife Perennial Forb FAC T, T

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Earth loosestrife Perennial Forb OBL T, T, T

Rhamnaceae Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey tea Perennial Shrub FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Colurieae Geum aleppicum Jacq. Yellow avens Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Geum canadense Jacq. White avens Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Colurieae Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Appalachian barren strawberry Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Dasiphora fruticosa (L.) Rydb. Shrubby cinquefoil Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Fragaria vesca L. Woodland strawberry Perennial Forb UPL T, T

Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Virginia strawberry Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Potentilla simplex Michx. Common cinquefoil Perennial Forb FACU T

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (Aiton.) Rydb. Shrubby fivefingers Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T

Rubiaceae: Rubioideae: Hedyotideae Houstonia caerulea L. Azure bluet Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Salicaceae: Saliceae Salix amygdaloides Andersson Peachleaf willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix bebbiana Sarg. Bebb willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T

Salix candida Flueggé ex Willd. Sageleaf willow Perennial Shrub OBL T

Salix caroliniana Michx. Coastal plain willow Perennial Tree OBL T, T

Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Salix eriocephala Michx. Missouri River willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T

Salix humilis Marshall Prairie willow Perennial Shrub FACU T

Salix interior Rowlee Sandbar willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T

Salix lucida Muhl. Shining willow Perennial Shrub FACW T, T, T

Salix myricoides Muhl. Bayberry willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix nigra Marshall Black willow Perennial Tree OBL T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Salix pellita Andersson Satiny willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix petiolaris Sm. Meadow willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix pyrifolia Andersson Balsam willow Perennial Shrub FACW T

Salix sericea Marshall Silky willow Perennial Shrub OBL T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Salix serissima (L.H. Bailey) Fernald Autumn willow Perennial Shrub OBL T

Saxifragaceae Heuchera americana L. American alumroot Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Heuchera villosa Michx. Hairy alumroot Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Saxifragaceae Tiarella cordifolia L. Heartleaf foamflower Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Scrophulariaceae: Cheloneae Penstemon calycosus Small Longsepal beardtongue Perennial Forb FACU S, T, T, T, T

Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Foxglove beardtongue Perennial Forb FAC S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. Hairy beardtongue Perennial Forb FACU S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Penstemon laevigatus Aiton Eastern smooth beardtongue Perennial Forb FACU S, S, T

Penstemon pallidus Small Pale beardtongue Perennial Forb UPL S

Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. White wand beardtongue Perennial Forb FAC S, T

Verbenaceae: Verbeneae Verbena hastata L. Swamp verbena Biennial Forb FACW S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary verbena Annual Forb FAC S, S, T, T, T

Verbena urticifolia L. White vervain Perennial Forb FAC S, S, T

Violaceae: Violoideae: Violeae Viola blanda Willd. Sweet white violet Perennial Forb FACW T

Viola canadensis L. Canadian white violet Perennial Forb FACU T, T

Viola cucullata Aiton Marsh blue violet Perennial Forb OBL T, T

Viola labradorica Schrank Alpine violet Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Viola lanceolata L. Big white violet Perennial Forb OBL T, T

Viola pedata L. Birdfoot violet Perennial Forb UPL T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Viola pubescens Aiton Downy yellow violet Perennial Forb FACU T, T, T

Viola rotundifolia Michx. Roundleaf yellow violet Perennial Forb FAC T

Viola sagittata Aiton Arrowleaf violet Perennial Forb FAC T, T, T

Viola sororia Willd. Common blue violet Annual Forb FAC T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T

Viola striata Aiton Striped cream violet Perennial Forb FACW T, T

Family: Subfamily: Tribe	Genus species	Authority	Common name	Duration	Habit	Habitat	Source
Apiaceae: Apioideae: Selineae	Zizia aptera	(A. Gray) Fernald	Meadow zizia	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T
	Zizia aurea	(L.) W.D.J. Koch	Golden zizia	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Aquifoliaceae	Ilex glabra	(L.) A. Gray	Inkberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Ilex montana	Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray	Mountain holly	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	S, S
	Ilex mucronata	(L.) Powell, Savolainen & Andrews	Catberry	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	S, S, T, T
	Ilex opaca	Aiton	American holly	Perennial	Tree	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Ilex verticillata	(L.) A. Gray	Common winterberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Baccharis halimifolia	L.	Eastern baccharis	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Boltonia asteroides	(L.) L'Hér.	White doll's daisy	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Chrysopsis mariana	(L.) Elliott	Maryland goldenaster	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Doellingeria umbellata	(Mill.) Nees	Parasol whitetop	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Erigeron pulchellus	Michx.	Robin's plantain	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Eurybia divaricata	(L.) G.L. Nesom	White wood aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Eurybia macrophylla	(L.) Cass.	Bigleaf aster	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Eurybia spectabilis	(Aiton) G.L. Nesom	Eastern showy aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Euthamia caroliniana	(L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton	Slender goldentop	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T
	Euthamia graminifolia	(L.) Nutt.	Flat-top goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Ionactis linariifolius	(L.) Greene	Flaxleaf whitetop aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Oclemena acuminata	(Michx.) Greene	Whorled wood aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Oligoneuron rigidum	(L.) Small	Stiff goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Pityopsis falcata	(Pursh) Nutt.	Sickleleaf silkgrass	Perennial	Forb	UPL	T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Sericocarpus asteroides	(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.	Toothed whitetop aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Sericocarpus linifolius	(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.	Narrowleaf whitetop aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Solidago altissima	L.	Tall goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T
	Solidago arguta	Aiton	Atlantic goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T
	Solidago bicolor	L.	White goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago caesia	L.	Wreath goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago canadensis	L.	Canada goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T
	Solidago flexicaulis	L.	Zigzag goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago gigantea	Aiton	Giant goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S
	Solidago juncea	Aiton	Early goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago nemoralis	Aiton	Gray goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago odora	Aiton	Anisescented goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago patula	Muhl. ex Willd.	Roundleaf goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, S
	Solidago puberula	Nutt.	Downy goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T
	Solidago rugosa	Mill.	Wrinkleleaf goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago sempervirens	L.	Seaside goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago speciosa	Nutt.	Showy goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Solidago squarrosa	Nutt.	Stout goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T
	Solidago stricta	Aiton	Wand goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, T
	Solidago uliginosa	Nutt.	Bog goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, T, T
	Solidago ulmifolia	Muhl. ex Willd.	Elmleaf goldenrod	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae	Symphyotrichum cordifolium	(L.) G.L. Nesom	Common blue wood aster	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum dumosum	(L.) G.L. Nesom	Rice button aster	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum ericoides	(L.) G.L. Nesom	White heath aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum laeve	(L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Smooth blue aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum lanceolatum	(Willd.) G.L. Nesom	White panicle aster	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, T, T
	Symphyotrichum lateriflorum	(L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Calico aster	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum novae-angliae	(L.) G.L. Nesom	New England aster	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum novi-belgii	(L.) G.L. Nesom	New York aster	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum oblongifolium	(Nutt.) G.L. Nesom	Aromatic aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum patens	(Aiton) G.L. Nesom	Late purple aster	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum pilosum	(Willd.) G.L. Nesom	Hairy white oldfield aster	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum prenanthoides	(Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L. Nesom	Crokedstem aster	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T
	Symphyotrichum puniceum	(L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Purplestem aster	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Symphyotrichum racemosum	(Elliott) G.L. Nesom	Smooth white oldfield aster	Perennial	Forb	FACW	T
	Symphyotrichum undulatum	(L.) G.L. Nesom	Wavyleaf aster	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T
	Symphyotrichum urophyllum	(Lindl.) G.L. Nesom	White arrowleaf aster	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae	Bidens aristosa	(Michx.) Britton	Bearded beggartick	Biennial	Forb	FACW	S
	Bidens cernua	L.	Nodding beggartick	Annual	Forb	OBL	S, T
	Bidens frondosa	L.	Devil's beggartick	Annual	Forb	FACW	S
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae	Coreopsis grandiflora	Hogg ex Sweet	Largeflower tickseed	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T
	Coreopsis lanceolata	L.	Lanceleaf tickseed	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Coreopsis tripteris	L.	Tall tickseed	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Coreopsis verticillata	L.	Whorled tickseed	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae	Brickellia eupatorioides	(L.) Shinners	False boneset	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae	Eupatorium hyssopifolium	L.	Hyssopleaf thoroughwort	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Eupatorium perfoliatum	L.	Common boneset	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Eupatorium rotundifolium	L.	Roundleaf thoroughwort	Perennial	Forb	UPL	T, T
	Eupatorium rugosum	Houtt.	White snakeroot	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T
	Eupatorium sessilifolium	L.	Upland boneset	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae	Eutrochium dubium	(Willd. ex Poir.) E.E. Lamont	Coastal plain joe pye weed	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Eutrochium fistulosum	(Barratt) E.E. Lamont	Trumpetweed	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Eutrochium maculatum	(L.) E.E. Lamont	Spotted joe pye weed	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Eutrochium purpureum	(L.) E.E. Lamont	Sweetscented joe pye weed	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Eupatorieae	Liatris aspera	Michx.	Tall blazing star	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T
	Liatris pycnostachya	Michx.	Prairie blazing star	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T, T, T
	Liatris scariosa	(L.) Willd.	Devil's bite	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Liatris spicata	(L.) Willd.	Dense blazing star	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Liatris squarrosa	(L.) Michx.	Scaly blazing star	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Helenieae	Helenium autumnale	L.	Common sneezeweed	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Helenium flexuosum	Raf.	Purplehead sneezeweed	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Chrysogonum virginianum	L.	Green and gold	Perennial	Forb	FACW	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Echinacea pallida	(Nutt.) Nutt.	Pale purple coneflower	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Echinacea purpurea	(L.) Moench	Eastern purple coneflower	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Helianthus angustifolius	L.	Swamp sunflower	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Helianthus decapetalus	L.	Thinleaf sunflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Helianthus divaricatus	L.	Woodland sunflower	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Helianthus giganteus	L.	Giant sunflower	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T
	Helianthus maximiliani	Schrad.	Maximilian sunflower	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S, S, T, T
	Helianthus mollis	Lam.	Ashy sunflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Helianthus occidentalis	Riddell.	Fewleaf sunflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Helianthus strumosus	L.	Paleleaf woodland sunflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T
	Helianthus tuberosus	L.	Jerusalem artichoke	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Heliopsis helianthoides	(L.) Sweet	Smooth oxeye	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Parthenium integrifolium	L.	Wild quinine	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Ratibida columnifera	(Nutt.) Wooton & Standl.	Upright prairie coneflower	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, S, T
	Ratibida pinnata	(Vent.) Barnhart	Pinnate prairie coneflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Rudbeckia fulgida	L.	Orange coneflower	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rudbeckia hirta	L.	Blackeyed Susan	Annual	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rudbeckia laciniata	L.	Cutleaf coneflower	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rudbeckia subtomentosa	Pursh	Sweet coneflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, T, T, T
	Rudbeckia triloba	L.	Browneyed Susan	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T,
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Silphium laciniatum	L.	Compassplant	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S
	Silphium perfoliatum	L.	Cup plant	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Silphium terebinthinaceum	Jacq.	Prairie rosinweed	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T
	Silphium trifoliatum	L.	Whorled rosinweed	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae	Verbesina alternifolia	(L.) Britton ex Kearney	Wingstem	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T
	Verbesina occidentalis	(L.) Walter	Yellow crownbeard	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Senecioneae	Packera anonyma	(Alph. Wood) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve	Small's ragwort	Perennial	Forb	UPL	T
	Packera aurea	(L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Golden ragwort	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Packera obovata	(Muhl. ex Willd.) Weber & Á. Löve	Roundleaf ragwort	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T
	Packera paupercula	(Michx.) Á. Löve & D. Löve	Balsam groundsel	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T
Asteraceae: Carduoideae: Cynareae	Cirsium discolor	(Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng.	Field thistle	Biennial	Forb	UPL	S, T
	Cirsium pumilum	Spreng.	Pasture thistle	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T
Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae	Hieracium gronovii	L.	Queendevil	Perennial	Forb	UPL	T
	Hieracium kalmii	L.	Kalm's hawkweed	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S
Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae	Krigia biflora	(Walter) S.F. Blake	Twoflower dwarfdandelion	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T
Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Vernonieae	Vernonia fasciculata	Michx.	Prairie ironweed	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, T, T
	Vernonia gigantea	(Walter) Trel.	Giant ironweed	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T
	Vernonia glauca	(L.) Willd.	Broadleaf ironweed	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T, T, T
	Vernonia noveboracensis	(L.) Michx.	New York ironweed	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Brassicaceae: Arabideae	Arabis laevigata	(Muhl. ex Willd.) Poor.	Smooth rockcress	Biennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Arabis lyrata	L.	Lyrate rockcress	Biennial	Forb	FACU	T
Brassicaceae: Cardamineae	Cardamine concatenata	(Michx.) Sw.	Cutleaf toothwort	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Cardamine diphylla	(Michx.) Alph. Wood	Crinkleroot	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae	Campanula rotundifolia	L.	Bluebell bellflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T
Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae	Campanulastrum americanum	(L.) Small	American bellflower	Annual	Forb	FAC	S, T
Cornaceae: Cornoideae	Cornus (Swida) alternifolia	L. f.	Alternateleaf dogwood	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Cornus (Swida) amomum	Mill.	Silky dogwood	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Cornus (Swida) racemosa	Lam.	Gray dogwood	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Cornus (Swida) rugosa	Lam	Roundleaf dogwood	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	T
	Cornus (Swida) sericea	L.	Redosier dogwood	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Ericaceae: Arbutoideae	Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	(L.) Spreng.	Kinnikinnick	Perennial	Shrub	UPL	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae	Epigaea repens	L.	Trailing arbutus	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	T
Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae	Kalmia angustifolia	L.	Sheep laurel	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T
	Kalmia latifolia	L.	Mountain laurel	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Rhodoreae	Rhododendron arborescens	(Pursh.) Torr.	Smooth azalea	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rhododendron atlanticum	(Ashe) Rehder	Dwarf azalea	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rhododendron calendulaceum	(Michx.) Torr.	Flame azalea	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rhododendron canadense	(L.) Torr.	Rhodora	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T
	Rhododendron groenlandicum	(Oeder) Kron & Judd	Bog Labrador tea	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	T, T
	Rhododendron maximum	L.	Great laurel	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rhododendron periclymenoides	(Michx.) Shinners	Pink azalea	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Rhododendron prinophyllum	(Small) Millais	Early azalea	Perennial	Shrub	FAC	T, T, T, T
	Rhododendron viscosum	(L.) Torr.	Swamp azalea	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Andromedeae	Andromeda polifolia	L.	Bog rosemary	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	T
Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae	Chamaedaphne calyculata	(L.) Moench	Leatherleaf	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	T
Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae	Eubotrys racemosus	(L.) Nutt.	Swamp doghobble	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T
Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Gaultherieae	Gaultheria procumbens	L.	Eastern teaberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Lyonieae	Lyonia ligustrina	(L.) DC.	Maleberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	S, T, T, T
Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae	Gaylussacia baccata	(Wangenh.) K. Koch	Black huckleberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae	Vaccinium angustifolium	Aiton	Lowbush blueberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Vaccinium corymbosum	L.	Highbush blueberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Vaccinium fuscatum	Aiton	Black highbush blueberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	S
	Vaccinium macrocarpon	Aiton	Cranberry	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Vaccinium pallidum	Aiton	Blue Ridge blueberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	T
	Vaccinium stamineum	L.	Deerberry	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	T
Fabaceae: Cercidoideae: Cercideae	Cercis canadensis	L.	Eastern redbud	Perennial	Tree	FACU	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Fabaceae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae	Strophostyles helvola	(L.) Elliott	Amberique-bean	Annual	Forb	FAC	T
	Strophostyles umbellata	(Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton	Pink fuzzybean	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
Geraniaceae	Geranium maculatum	L.	Spotted geranium	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae	Hydrophyllum canadense	L.	Bluntleaf waterleaf	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T
	Hydrophyllum virginianum	L.	Eastern waterleaf	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T
Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae	Phacelia tanacetifolia	Benth.	Lacy phacelia	Annual	Forb	FACU	S, S, S
Lamiaceae: Nepetoideae: Mentheae	Monarda bradburiana	Beck	Eastern beebalm	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Monarda clinopodia	L.	White bergamot	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T
	Monarda didyma	L.	Scarlet beebalm	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Monarda fistulosa	L.	Wild bergamot	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Monarda media	Willd.	Purple bergamot	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T
	Monarda punctata	L.	Spotted beebalm	Annual	Forb	UPL	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Liliaceae: Liliodeae: Tulipeae	Erythronium americanum	Ker Gawl.	Troutlily	Perennial	Forb	FACW	T, T, T, T
Liliaceae: Uvularioideae: Uvularieae	Uvularia grandiflora	Sm.	Largeflower bellwort	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Uvularia perfoliata	L.	Perfoliate bellwort	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T
	Uvularia perfoliata	L.	Perfoliate bellwort	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Uvularia sessilifolia	L.	Sessileleaf bellwort	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T
Malvaceae: Malvoideae: Hibisceae	Hibiscus laevis	All.	Halberdleaf rosemallow	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, T, T, T, T, T
	Hibiscus moscheutos	L.	Crimsoneyed rosemallow	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Montiaceae	Claytonia caroliniana	Michx.	Carolina springbeauty	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
	Claytonia virginica	L.	Virginia springbeauty	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae	Oenothera biennis	L.	Common evening primrose	Biennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T
	Oenothera fruticosa	L.	Narrowleaf evening primrose	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Oenothera perennis	L.	Little evening primrose	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T
	Oenothera speciosa	Nutt.	Pinkladies	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S
Polemoniaceae: Polemonioideae: Polemonieae	Polemonium reptans	L.	Greek valerian	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Pontederiaceae: Pontederieae	Pontederia cordata	L.	Pickerelweed	Perennial	Forb	OBL	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Primulaceae: Lysimachioideae	Lysimachia ciliata	L.	Fringed loosestrife	Perennial	Forb	FACW	S, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Lysimachia hybrida	Michx.	Lowland yellow loosestrife	Perennial	Forb	OBL	T
	Lysimachia lanceolata	Walter	Lanceleaf loosestrife	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T
	Lysimachia terrestris	(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.	Earth loosestrife	Perennial	Forb	OBL	T, T, T
Rhamnaceae	Ceanothus americanus	L.	New Jersey tea	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Colurieae	Geum aleppicum	Jacq.	Yellow avens	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T
	Geum canadense	Jacq.	White avens	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T
Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Colurieae	Waldsteinia fragarioides	(Michx.) Tratt.	Appalachian barren strawberry	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae	Dasiphora fruticosa	(L.) Rydb.	Shrubby cinquefoil	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T, T, T, T
Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae	Fragaria vesca	L.	Woodland strawberry	Perennial	Forb	UPL	T, T
	Fragaria virginiana	Duchesne	Virginia strawberry	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae	Potentilla simplex	Michx.	Common cinquefoil	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T
Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae	Sibbaldiopsis tridentata	(Aiton.) Rydb.	Shrubby fivefingers	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T
Rubiaceae: Rubioideae: Hedyotideae	Houstonia caerulea	L.	Azure bluet	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T
Salicaceae: Saliceae	Salix amygdaloides	Andersson	Peachleaf willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T
	Salix bebbiana	Sarg.	Bebb willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T, T
	Salix candida	Flueggé ex Willd.	Sageleaf willow	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	T
	Salix caroliniana	Michx.	Coastal plain willow	Perennial	Tree	OBL	T, T
	Salix discolor	Muhl.	Pussy willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Salix eriocephala	Michx.	Missouri River willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T, T
	Salix humilis	Marshall	Prairie willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACU	T
	Salix interior	Rowlee	Sandbar willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T
	Salix lucida	Muhl.	Shining willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T, T, T
	Salix myricoides	Muhl.	Bayberry willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T
	Salix nigra	Marshall	Black willow	Perennial	Tree	OBL	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Salix pellita	Andersson	Satiny willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T
	Salix petiolaris	Sm.	Meadow willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T
	Salix pyrifolia	Andersson	Balsam willow	Perennial	Shrub	FACW	T
	Salix sericea	Marshall	Silky willow	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Salix serissima	(L.H. Bailey) Fernald	Autumn willow	Perennial	Shrub	OBL	T
Saxifragaceae	Heuchera americana	L.	American alumroot	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Heuchera villosa	Michx.	Hairy alumroot	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Saxifragaceae	Tiarella cordifolia	L.	Heartleaf foamflower	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
Scrophulariaceae: Cheloneae	Penstemon calycosus	Small	Longsepal beardtongue	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, T, T, T, T
	Penstemon digitalis	Nutt. ex Sims	Foxglove beardtongue	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Penstemon hirsutus	(L.) Willd.	Hairy beardtongue	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Penstemon laevigatus	Aiton	Eastern smooth beardtongue	Perennial	Forb	FACU	S, S, T
	Penstemon pallidus	Small	Pale beardtongue	Perennial	Forb	UPL	S
	Penstemon tubaeflorus	Nutt.	White wand beardtongue	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, T
Verbenaceae: Verbeneae	Verbena hastata	L.	Swamp verbena	Biennial	Forb	FACW	S, S, S, S, S, S, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Verbena stricta	Vent.	Hoary verbena	Annual	Forb	FAC	S, S, T, T, T
	Verbena urticifolia	L.	White vervain	Perennial	Forb	FAC	S, S, T
Violaceae: Violoideae: Violeae	Viola blanda	Willd.	Sweet white violet	Perennial	Forb	FACW	T
	Viola canadensis	L.	Canadian white violet	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T
	Viola cucullata	Aiton	Marsh blue violet	Perennial	Forb	OBL	T, T
	Viola labradorica	Schrank	Alpine violet	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Viola lanceolata	L.	Big white violet	Perennial	Forb	OBL	T, T
	Viola pedata	L.	Birdfoot violet	Perennial	Forb	UPL	T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Viola pubescens	Aiton	Downy yellow violet	Perennial	Forb	FACU	T, T, T
	Viola rotundifolia	Michx.	Roundleaf yellow violet	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T
	Viola sagittata	Aiton	Arrowleaf violet	Perennial	Forb	FAC	T, T, T
	Viola sororia	Willd.	Common blue violet	Annual	Forb	FAC	T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T
	Viola striata	Aiton	Striped cream violet	Perennial	Forb	FACW	T, T

Recommendations

Horticulturists should prioritize propagation of ecoregional host plants for pollen specialist bees. Approximately half of the listed plant species were widely available, but annuals and biennials, plus obligate wetland and upland species were underrepresented. Many underrepresented or unlisted native genera or species should be propagated in the region. Here are nearly 60 species of pollenizers that remain unpropagated in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast (Underlined = Prioritized):

Aquifoliaceae - Ilex laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray - Smooth winterberry - Perennial - Shrub - OBL

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. - Eastern daisy fleabane - Annual - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Erigeron philadelphicus L. - Philadelphia fleabane - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. - Prairie fleabane - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby - Camphorweed - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC. - Carolina desert-chicory - Annual - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Symphyotrichum praealtum (Poir.) G.L. Nesom - Willowleaf aster - Perennial - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Astereae - Symphyotrichum shortii (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom - Short's aster - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae - Bidens connata - Muhl. ex Willd. - Purplestem beggartick - Annual - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Coreopsideae - Bidens coronata - (L.) Britton - Crowned beggartick - Annual - Forb - OBL

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Helianthus grosseserratus M. Martens - Sawtooth sunflower - Perennial - Forb - FACW

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Helianthus hirsutus Raf. - Hairy sunflower - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. - Prairie sunflower - Annual - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray - Golden crownbeard -Perennial - Forb - FAC

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Heliantheae - Verbesina virginica L. - White crownbeard - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Asteroideae: Senecioneae - Packera plattensis - (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve - Prairie groundsel - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Carduoideae: Cynareae - Cirsium altissimum (L.) - Tall thistle - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Asteraceae: Carduoideae: Cynareae - Cirsium muticum Michx. - Swamp thistle - Biennial - Forb - OBL

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae - Krigia virginica - (L.) Willd. - Virginia dwarfdandelion Annual - Forb - UPL

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae - Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fernald - Tall blue lettuce - Annual - Forb - FAC

Asteraceae: Cichoriodeae: Cichorieae - Lactuca canadensis L. - Canada lettuce - Annual - Forb - FACU

Brassicaceae: Arabideae - Arabis canadensis L. - Sicklepod - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Brassicaceae: Arabideae - Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. - Tower rockcress - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Brassicaceae: Cardamineae - Cardamine douglassii Britton - Limestone bittercress - Perennial - Forb - FACW

Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae - Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. - Clasping Venus' looking-glass - Annual - Forb - FACU

Convolvulaceae: Ipomoeeae - Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Mey. - Man of the earth - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Convolvulaceae: Convolvuleae - Calystegia catesbeiana Pursh - Catesby's false bindweed - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Convolvulaceae: Convolvuleae - Calystegia macounii (Greene) Brummitt - Macoun's false bindweed - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Convolvulaceae: Convolvuleae - Calystegia spithamaea (L.) Pursh - Low false bindweed - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Ericaceae: Ericoideae: Phyllodoceae - Kalmia polifolia Wagenh. - Bog laurel - Perennial - Shrub - OBL

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Lyonieae - Lyonia mariana (L.) D. Don - Piedmont staggerbush - Perennial - Shrub - FAC

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae - Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torr. & A. Gray ex Torr. - Blue huckleberry - Perennial - Shrub - FAC

Ericaceae: Vaccinioideae: Vaccinieae - Vaccinium oxycoccos L. - Small cranberry - Perennial - Shrub - OBL

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Diocleae - Galactia regularis (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. - Eastern milkpea - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Diocleae - Galactia volubilis (L.) Britton - Downy milkpea - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Fabaceae: Papilionoideae: Phaseoleae - Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & A. Gray) Piper - Slickseed fuzzybean - Annual - Forb - FAC

Geraniaceae - Geranium carolinianum L. - Carolina geranium - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Geraniaceae - Geranium robertianum L. - Robert geranium - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. - Great waterleaf - Biennial - Forb - FAC

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Nemophila aphylla (L.) Brummitt - Smallflower baby blue eyes - Annual - Forb - FACW

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Phacelia bipinnatifida Michx. - Fernleaf phacelia - Biennial - Forb - FAC

Hydrophyllaceae: Hydrophylloideae - Phacelia purshii Buckley - Miami mist - Annual - Forb - FAC

Liliaceae: Liliodeae: Tulipeae - Erythronium albidum Nutt. - White fawnlily - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae - Oenothera gaura W.L. Wagner & Hoch - Biennial beeblossom - Biennial - Forb - FACU

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae - Oenothera laciniata Hill - Cutleaf evening primrose - Annual - Forb - FACU

Onagraceae: Onagroideae: Onagreae - Oenothera pilosella Raf. - Meadow evening primrose - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Primulaceae: Lysimachioideae - Lysimachia quadriflora L. - Fourflower yellow loosestrife - Perennial - Forb - OBL

Primulaceae: Lysimachioideae - Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. - Tufted loosestrife - Perennial - Forb - OBL

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae - Potentilla arguta Pursh - Tall cinquefoil - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae - Potentilla canadensis L. - Dwarf cinquefoil - Perennial - Forb - FACU

Rosaceae: Rosoideae: Potentilleae - Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. - Paradox cinquefoil - Annual - Forb - FACW

Rubiaceae: Rubioideae: Hedyotideae - Houstonia pusilla Schoepf - Tiny bluet - Annual - Forb - FACU

Scrophulariaceae: Gerardieae - Agalinis paupercula (A. Gray) Britton) - Smallflower false foxglove - Annual - Forb - OBL

Scrophulariaceae: Gerardieae - Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell p - Purple false foxglove - Annual - Forb - FACW

Scrophulariaceae: Gerardieae - Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. - Slenderleaf false foxglove - Annual - Forb - FACW

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis grisea (Waterf.) M. Martinez - Strawberry-tomato - Annual - Forb - FAC

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis heterophylla Nees - Clammy groundcherry - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis longifolia Nutt. - Longleaf groundcherry - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis pubescens L. - Husk tomato - Annual - Forb - UPL

Solanaceae: Solanoideae: Physalideae - Physalis virginiana Mill. - Virginia groundcherry - Annual - Forb - FAC

Violaceae: Violoideae: Violeae - Viola macloskeyi Lloyd - Small white violet - Perennial - Forb - OBL

Horticulturists: Balance and diversify the availability of native pollen specialist bee host plant seeds or transplants. Specialize regional native plant nurseries by offering unique selections of local ecotypes. Network pollenizer gardens across communities for range-wide habitat conservation. Grow pesticide free pollenizers for pollen specialists.
Agriculturists: Conserve pollen specialist bees of sunflower, ground cherry, cucurbit, or blueberry. Protect squash bees [Peponapis (Peponapis) pruinosa (Say, 1837) and Xenoglossa (Exoxenoglossa) strenua (Cresson, 1878)] by no-till planting species of adventive or native gourds, pumpkins, and squash [Cucurbita L.], including:

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth - Missouri gourd - Perennial - Forb - FAC

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita maxima Duchesne - Winter squash - Annual - Forb - FAC

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita moschata Duchesne - Crookneck squash - Annual - Forb - FAC

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbiteae - Cucurbita pepo L. - Field pumpkin - Annual - Forb - FAC

Biodynamic or organic gourd, pumpkin, and squash seeds or transplants are commonly available from regional sources.

Sources

...

Adkin's Arboretum - Ridgely, MD 21660 - adkinsarboretum.org

Amanda's Garden - Dansville, NY 14437 - amandasnativeplants.com

American Meadows - Shelburne, VT 05482 - americanmeadows.com

American Native Plants - Middle River, MD 21220 - americannativeplants.com

Aster Trek - Arkham, MA 01970 - astarisee.xyz

Blackledge River Nursery - Marlborough, CT 06447 - richsnarski.com/Nursery
Bowman's Hill Wildflower Preserve - New Hope, PA 18938 - bhwp.org

Burnt Meadow Nursery - Brownfield, ME 04010 - burntmeadow.com

Chesapeake Natives - Upper Marlboro, MD 20772 - chesapeakenatives.org

Clemenson Farms Native Nursery - Estell Manor, NJ 08319 - clemensonfarmsnativenursery.com

Earth First Native Plant Nursery - Egg Harbor Township, NJ 08234 - earthfirstnatives.com

Earth Sangha - Springfield, VA 22150 - earthsangha.org

Earth Tones Native Plants - Woodbury, CT 06798 - earthtonesnatives.com

Edge of the Woods Nursery - Orefield, PA 18069 - edgeofthewoodsnursery.com

Environmental Concern - St. Michaels, MD 21663 - wetland.org

~~Ernst Conservation Seeds - Meadville, PA 16335 - ernstseed.com~~

Fort Pond Native Plants - Montauk, NY 11954 - nativeplants.net

Found Well Farm - Pembroke, NH 03275 - foundwellfarm.com

F.W. Schumacher Company - Sandwich, MA 02563 - treeshrubseeds.com

Go Native Tree Farm - Lancaster, PA 17603 - gonativetrees

Good Host Plants - Philadelphia, PA 19040 - goodhostplants.com

High Mowing Seed Company - Wolcott, VT 05680 - highmowingseeds.com

Herring Run Nursery - Baltimore, MD 21211 - bluewaterbaltimore.org

Hummingbird Hill Native Plant Nursery - Crozet, VA 22932 - hummingbirdhillnatives.com

Hungry Hook Farm - Bainbridge, PA 17502 - hungryhookfarm.com

Long Island Native Plant Initiative - Hampton Bays, NY 11946 - linpi.org

Long Island Natives - Eastport, NY 11941 - longislandnatives.com

Mandala Farm - Staten Island, NY 10314 - mandala.farm

Mid-Atlantic Native Plant Farm - Cobbs Creek, VA 23035 - midatlanticnatives.com

Native Plant Trust - Whately, MA 01373 - https://www.nativeplanttrust.org

Native Haunts - Alfred, ME 04002 - nativehaunts.com

Nature By Design - Alexandria, VA 22301 - nature-by-design.com

New England Wetland Plants - Amherst, MA 01002 - newp.com

New Hampshire State Forest Nursery - Boscawen, NH 03303 - nhnursery.com
New Moon Nursery - Bridgeton, NJ 08302 - newmoonnursery.com

North Creek Nurseries - Oxford, PA 19363 - northcreeknurseries.com

Northeast Native Perennials - Quakerstown, PA 18951 - nenativesandperennials.com

Northeast Pollinator Plants - Fairfax, VT 05454 - northeastpollinator.com

Octoraro Native Plant Nursery - Kirkwood, PA 17536 - octoraro.com

Piedmont Nursery - Markham, VA 22643 - piedmontnursery.com

Pierson Nurseries - Dayton, ME 04005 - piersonnurseries.com

Pinelands Nursery & Supply - Columbus, NJ 08022 - pinelandsnursery.com

Pisaura Nursery - Dunwich, MA 01331 - zizia.xyz

Plantsmen Nursery - Groton, NY 13073 - plantsmen.com

The Pollen Nation - Bridgeton NJ 08302 - thepollennation.com

Redbud Native Plant Nursery - Media, PA 19063 - redbudnativeplantnursery.com

Sheffield's Seed Company - Locke, NY 13092 - sheffields.com

Stadler Native Plants - Frederick, MD 21703 - stadlergardencenters.com

Sudbury Nurseries West - Gill, MA 01354 - sudburynurserieswest.com

Sunshine Farm and Gardens - WV 24966, USA - sunfarm.com

Toadshade Wildflower Farm - Frenchtown, NJ 08825 - toadshade.com

Turtle Tree Biodynamic Seed Initiative - Copake, NY 12516 - turtletreeseed.org

Vermont Wildflower Farm - Hinesburg, VT, 05461 - vermontwildflowerfarm.com

Vermont Willow Nursery - Fairfield, VT 05455 - willowsvermont.com

White Oak Nursery - Geneva, NY 14456 whiteoaknursery.biz

Wild Ridge Plants - Pohatcong, NJ 08804 - wildridgeplants.com

Wild Seed Project - Portland, ME 04101 - shop.wildseedproject.net

Wood Thrush Natives - Floyd, VA 24091 - woodthrushnatives.com

...

Acknowledgements

Thanks to PlantNative for directories. Thanks to USDA-NRCS Plants Database for profiles. Thanks to Sam Droege (USGS Native Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab) for comments.

References

Fowler, J. (2016a). Specialist bees of the Mid-Atlantic: Host plants and habitat conservation. The Maryland Entomologist, 6(4):2-40.

Fowler, J. (2016b). Specialist bees of the Northeast: Host plants and habitat conservation. Northeastern Naturalist, 23(2):305-320.

Fowler, J. & Droege, S. (2020). Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States [Website].

Comments or questions? Email: j@jarrodfowler.com

Photos from The USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab

Visit: Pollen Specialist Bees of the Eastern United States